General anesthetics administration

Administration of the aminoglycosides with the cephalosporins may increase the risks of nephrotoxicity. When the aminoglycosides are administered with loop diuretics there is an increased risk of ototoxicity (irreversible hearing loss). There is an increased risk of neuromuscular blockage (paralysis of the respiratory muscles) if the aminoglycosides are given shortly after general anesthetics (neuromuscular junction blockers). 

Ketamine (Ketalar) is a rapid-acting general anesthetic. It produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, normal or enhanced skeletal muscle tone, and occasionally mild respiratory depression. Ketamine is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require relaxation of skeletal muscles, for induction of anesthesia before the administration of other anesthetic drugp, and as a supplement to other anesthetic drags. 

There is a decreased effectiveness of ritodrine when the drug is administered with a -adrenergic blocking agent such as propranolol and an increased risk of pulmonary edema when administered with the corticosteroids. Co-administration of ritodrine with the sym-pathomimetics potentiates the effect of ritodrine. Cardiovascular effects (eg, arrhythmias or hypotension) of ritodrine may increase when the drug is administered with diazoxide, general anesthetics, magnesium sulfate, or meperidine... 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 308-313.) Halothane is a substituted alkane general anesthetic. It undergoes significant metabolism in humans with about 20% of the absorbed dose recovered as metabolites. Halothane can cause postoperative jaundice and hepatic necrosis with repeated administration in rare instances. 

Inhalation (general anesthetics) Dermal Single administration Single application I, II, III, NDA I... 

General Anesthetics Classification and Use According to Route of Administration... 

Anesthetic agents are a diverse class of chemicals which are extremely important in modern medicine. They are generally used to produce a loss of sensation to all stimuli, either in a specific anatomical area, or a total loss of consciousness. Anesthetics differ from analgesics in that analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or morphine act to decrease pain, but not other sensations. Anesthetics can be broadly categorized into two general classes, local anesthetics and general anesthetics. These classes are independent as far as indication, chemical class, routes of administration, and toxicity, and thus will be considered separately. It will be noted when one compound within a class differs from the others. 

Decreased respiratory and cardiovascular function due to general anesthetics must be carefully monitored and appropriate actions taken when necessary. Given the short time of induction and recovery for general anesthetics, discontinuation of drug administration may quickly resolve the depressant effect. 

The states of anesthesia are directly related and dependent on the concentration of an anesthetic in the brain that is, the higher the concentration, the deeper the state of anesthesia. The administration of general anesthetics is arbitrarily divided into three phases ... 

Ketamine is used as a sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. It is best suited for short procedures, but it can be used with additional doses for longer procedures. It is also used for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetics and to supplement low-potency agents, such as nitrous oxide. 

Acrolein can be absorbed throngh the skin the spillage of liqnid can canse severe chemical bums. Skin contact may lead to chronic respiratory disease and produce delayed pulmonary edema. Snbcntaneous administration of acrolein prodnced degeneration of fatty liver and a general anesthetic effect. 

Propionaldehyde is a mild irritant to human skin and eyes. The irritation effect from 40 mg was severe in rabbits eyes. The toxicity of this compound observed in test animals was low. Subcutaneous administration in rats exhibited the symptoms of general anesthetic effect, convulsion, and seizure. Inhalation toxicity was determined to be low. A concentration of 8000 ppm (19,000 mg/m ) in air was lethal to rats. 

Toxicity of n-butyraldehyde is very low. The effect is primarily narcotic. No toxic effect, however, was observed in mice from 2-hour exposure at a concentration of 44.6 g/m. At a higher concentration, 174 g/m for 30 minutes, it exhibited a general anesthetic effect on rats. Subcutaneous administration of a high dose, >3 g/kg, produced the same effect, affecting the kidney and bladder. 

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