Gender disparities

Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association has written reports about age-base rationing, gender, and black-white disparities in clinical decision making. 

There are avast number of drugs that undergo active secretion by the kidney. Therefore, disparities in renal excretion efficiency between males and females may result in gender differences in systemic exposure of narrow therapeutic range medications, and risks to nephrotoxic agents. As a consequence of reduced GFR, filtration clearance is lower in females. Moreover,... 

We concluded above that Johnson Controls policy is not neutral because it does not apply to the reproductive capacity of the company s male employees in the same way as it applies to that of the females. Moreover, the absence of a malevolent motive does 1204 not convert a facially discriminatory policy into a neutral policy with a discriminatory effect. Whether an employment practice involves disparate treatment through explicit facial discrimination does not depend on why the employer discriminates but rather on the explicit terms of the discrimination. In Martin Marietta, supra, the motives underlying the employers express exclusion of women did not alter the intentionally discriminatory character of the policy. Nor did the arguably benign motives lead to consideration of a business necessity defense. The question 200 in that case was whether the discrimination in question could be justified under 703(e) as a BFOQ. The beneficence of an employer s purpose does not undermine the conclusion that an explicit gender-based policy is sex discrimination under 703(a) and thus may be defended only as a BFOQ. 

To show how far the Court has strayed from interpretation of Title VII with fidelity to the Act s core purpose, I return to the evidence Ledbetter presented at trial. Ledbetter proved to the jury the following She was a member of a protected class she performed work substantially equal to work of the dominant class (men) she was compensated less for that work and the disparity was attributable to gender-based discrimination. See supra, at 2178. 

The remaining two claims of disparate-treatment and disparate-impact gender discrimination—based on the allegedly inferior restroom and locker facilities for women—were tried to a jury, which found in favor of JMl on both claims. Specs now appeals the district court s grant of summary judgment in favor of JMl on her claims of pregnancy discrimination and disability discrimination. 

Whittington, Kristin B. and Laurel Smith-Doerr. 2008. Women inventors in context Disparities in patenting across academia and industry . Gender and Society 22 194. 

It may be true that humans have a poor ability to form DHA from LN. Tracer studies have shown that the proportion of the conversion of LN to DHA in infants is very low, <1% (Goyens et al., 2005 Hussein et al., 2005 Camielli et al., 2007). On the other hand, studies in normal healthy adults consuming Western diets, which are rich in LA, show that supplemental LN raises EPA and DPA status in the blood and in breast milk. Addition of LN to the diets of formula-fed infants does raise DHA, but no level of LN tested raises DHA to levels achievable with preformed DHA at intakes similar to typical human milk DHA supply (Brenna et al., 2009). Males and females differ in their ability to synthesize DHA from LN and this disparity is associated with gender differences in the circulating concentrations of DHA, which is higher in females (Childs et al., 2008). 

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