Gender-based

Bunn, T.L. et al., Gender-based profiles of developmental immunotoxicity to lead in the rat Assessment in juveniles and adults, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 64, 101, 2001. 

It should always be kept in mind, particularly in humans that there can be significant gender based differences in metabolism (Mugfor and Kidderis, 1998). Particularly for drugs where there is a significant potential for disproportionate use by women, FDA expects early evaluation of this aspect. 

Slikker Jr, W., Scallet, A.C., Doerge, D.R. and Ferguson, S.A. (2001). Gender-based differences in rats after chronic dietary exposure to genistein, Int. J. ToxicoL, 20, 175-179. 

That said, at workshops that I have given, I have found differences between men s and women s initial responses to a questionnaire that I give. Women are more aware of gender equity problems than men are, even if they themselves are not actively working to confront those problems and even if they do not see themselves as experiencing any gender-based problems. They are more aware than men are that problems exist, and they seem more receptive to the kinds of information that I present. 

Lew KH, Ludwig EA, Milad MA, Donovan K, Middleton E Jr, Ferry JJ et al. Gender-based effects on methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993 54 402-14. 

Gender-based provocative intervals are preferable because of the differences in basal and stimulated calcitonin between men and women. Because pentagastrin is not readily available in the US, studies are needed to define gender-based ranges for the more widely used calcium stimulation tests. 

While gender-based differences in immunotoxic responses following adult exposures have been reported, the incidence of sex-specific outcomes for developmental immunotoxicants is unexpectedly high. In fact, sex-specific outcomes have been reported for a majority of developmental immunotoxicants examined in rodents where both sexes have been tested. Such sex-based skewing of responses might be expected for endocrine-disrupting compounds. However, sex-based differences in DIT have been reported for a variety of toxicants many of which are not presently classified as endocrine disruptors. 

Gentry, W. A, Booysen, L., Hannum, K, Weber, T. (2010). Leadership responses to a conflict of gender-based tension A comparison of responses between men and women in the U.S. and South Africa. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 10, 285-301. 

Zero tolerance for gender-based violence [Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2010a]. 

See ICC, Press Release, The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, pubhshes comprehensive Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes (5 June 2014), http //www.icc-cpi.int/en menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/ prlOll.aspx (accessed 31 Meu ch 2015). 

In this case we are concerned with an employer s gender-based fetal protection policy. May an employer exclude a fertile female employee from certain jobs because of its concern for the health of the fetus the woman might conceive ... 

We concluded above that Johnson Controls policy is not neutral because it does not apply to the reproductive capacity of the company s male employees in the same way as it applies to that of the females. Moreover, the absence of a malevolent motive does 1204 not convert a facially discriminatory policy into a neutral policy with a discriminatory effect. Whether an employment practice involves disparate treatment through explicit facial discrimination does not depend on why the employer discriminates but rather on the explicit terms of the discrimination. In Martin Marietta, supra, the motives underlying the employers express exclusion of women did not alter the intentionally discriminatory character of the policy. Nor did the arguably benign motives lead to consideration of a business necessity defense. The question 200 in that case was whether the discrimination in question could be justified under 703(e) as a BFOQ. The beneficence of an employer s purpose does not undermine the conclusion that an explicit gender-based policy is sex discrimination under 703(a) and thus may be defended only as a BFOQ. 

On questions of time under Title VII, we have identified as the critical inquiries What constitutes an unlawful employment practice and when has that practice occurred Id., at 110, 122 S.Ct. 2061. Our precedent suggests, and lower courts have overwhelmingly held, that the unlawful practice is the current payment of salaries infected by gender-based (or race-based) discrimination— a practice that occurs whenever a paycheck delivers less to a woman than to a similarly situated man. See Bazemore v. Friday, 478 U.S. 385, 395, 106 S.Ct. 3000, 92 L.Ed.2d 315 (1986) (Brennan, J., joined by all other Members of the Court, concurring in part). 

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