Gelatin cross-linking

The time required for the capsule shell or tablet coating to start breaking apart will provide an indication of possible issues with the shell or coating that would retard the release of the formulation (e.g., gelatin cross-linking). 

Some gelatin cross-linking (membrane formation) 13.9 Normal disintegration 1.3... 

Meyer, M. C., Straughn, A. B., Mhatre, R. M., et al. The effect of gelatin cross-linking on the bioequivalence of hard and soft gelatin acetaminophen capsules. Pharm. Res. 17 962-966, 2000. 

Chemical Stability Typical Mechanisms of Oxidation and Gelatin Cross-Linking... 247... 

Figure 4-30 shows the dynamic properties, storage modulus (G, Pa) and loss modulus G", Pa) versus frequency o> (rad s ) of gelatinized cross-linked waxy maize (CLW) starch dispersions of 3, 4, and 5% solids. In all dispersions, G was much higher than G", that is, the dispersions exhibited gel-like behavior over the studied range of frequencies. Both G and G" increased with concentration and showed a weak dependence on frequency at low values. This dependency was more pronounced in dispersions of higher concentration. 

Figure 4-30 The Dynamic Pr< )erties, Storage Modulus (O, Pa) and Loss Modulus (G", Pa), versus Frequency (rad s ) of Gelatinized Cross-Linked Waxy Maize Starch Dispersions of 3,4, and 5% Solids (da Silva et al., 1997).

Figure 4-31 The Cox-Merz Rule was not to Applicable to Gelatinized Cross-Linked Waxy Maize Starch Dispersions in the Range of Concentrations Studied in that the Complex Viscosity (t] ) was Higher than the Flow Viscosity over the Range of Frequencies and Shear Rates Studied.

Presence of these impurities can result in gelatin cross-linking and possible dissolution problems or in undesired changes in the product appearance over time. 

Gelatin (cross-linked) Kabikinase (Pharmacia-Upjohn)... 

Any fill materials must be chemically compatible with gelatin. Cross-linking of gelatin can be catalysed by trace quantities of formaldehyde, rendering the gelatin insoluble in gastric fluids. Formaldehyde is sometimes present at trace levels in a number of excipients. 

Immobilization of the respiratory chain from Escherichia coli by co-immobilization with gelatin, cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and attachment of the resulting film to an oxygen electrode NAD(P)H, lactate, succinate, malate, and 3-glycerophosphate [39]... 

The capsule shells are, in essence, delivery vehicles designed to contain mainly powders or multiparticulates. Materials contained within the capsules may dissolve immediately but may also be coated to impart MR performance. In addition to the dietary advantages of HPMC capsules, they typically contain less residual moisture so, the materials contained within will be exposed to less moisture. ° Furthermore, the capsule is designed to quickly dissolve and thus release its materials within a matter of minutes. Gelatin cross-links if exposed to aldehydes, which hinders dissolution of the gelatin capsule. HPMC capsules are much less susceptible to cross-linking. 

Films of alginate and gelatin, cross-linked with Cs and containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as model drug in different concentrations, were obtained by a casting/solvent evaporation method. The film can lead to a successful application for localized dmg delivery in vivo or in vitro environments [135]. 

Scheme of a semi-interpenetrating network formed by sodium hyaluronate and gelatin cross-linked with genipin. Source Reprinted and adapted from Reyes et al., 2013, copyright 2013, with permission from Sociedad Iberica de Biomecanica y Biomateriales.)... 

A different approach to surface modification by a biological material is the use of a protein, usually gelatin, cross-linked by glutaraldehyde (40). Anchorage is via a textured surface and in vivo results in heart assist devices or total artificial hearts have been promising. 

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