Gastrointestinal disease pathophysiology

Ryan JC, Sleisenger MH Effects of systemic and extraintestinal diseases on the gut in Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds) Gastrointestinal Disease Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/ Management. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1993, pp 193-224. 

Roebuck DJ (2006) Radiological staging in children with hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Radiol 36 176-182 Rosenthal P (1999) Biliary atresia and neonatal disorders of the bile ducts. In Wyllie R, Hyams JS (eds) Pediatric gastrointestinal disease pathophysiology, diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, pp 568-571... 

Upper and lower limits of normal (95% confidence limits) were derived from data obtained from 100 healthy men and 50 healthy women. There were no lower limits of normal for BAO or for the ratio of BAO to PAO because many normal subjects have a BAO of zero. BAO, basal acid output MAO, maximal acid output PAO, peak acid output. (Reprinted with permission from Feldman M (1989) Gastric secretion in health and disease. In Sleisenger MH and Fordtran JS (eds.) Gastrointestinal Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, vol. I, pp. 713-734. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company.)... 

Feldman M (1989) Gastric secretion in health and disease. In Sleisenger MH and Fordtran JS (eds.) Gastrointestinal Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, vol. 1, pp. 713-734. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders. 

Lee M. Nausea and vomiting. In Feldman M, ed. Sleisenger and Fordtran s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Pathophysiology/ Diagnosis/Management. St. Louis, Elsevier, 2002 119—130. 

Runyon B. Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In Eeldman M, Scharschmidt BE, Sleisenger MH, eds. Sleisenger and Eordtran s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Treatment, 6th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1998 1310-1333. 

On the pathophysiological side, hyperactive nNOS has been implicated in A/-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-mediated neuronal death in cerebrovascular-stroke. Some disturbances of smooth muscle tone within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease) may also be related to an overproduction of NO by nNOS in peripheral nitrergic nerves. 

Pathophysiologically, constipation generally results from disordered colonic transit or anorectal function as a result of a primary motility disturbance, certain drugs, or in association with a large number of systemic diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Constipation from any cause may be exacerbated by chronic illnesses that lead to physical or mental impairment and result in inactivity or physical immobility. Additional contributing factors may include a lack of fiber in the diet, generalized muscle weakness, and possibly stress and anxiety. 

Corley K T T, Marr C M 1998 Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of acid-base disturbances in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education 10 255-265 Costa L R R, Eades S E, Tulley R T et al 1999 Plasma magnesium concentrations in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13 274... 

Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, and is characterized by lower abdominal pain, disturbed defecation, and bloating. Many nongastrointestinal manifestations also exist with IBS. Recent studies have found that visceral hypersensitivity is a major culprit in the pathophysiology of the disease. 

Taylor, B. and Rehm, J. (2005). Moderate ethanol consumption and diseases of the gastrointestinal system A review of pathophysiological processes. Dig. Dis. 23,177-180. 

Food-bome pathogens include naturally occurring bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella and Escherichia coli, which cause disease by their presence in the gastrointestinal tract. The pathophysiology and clinical presentation of these are well described in the wider literature. However, they are also relevant from a biological weapons perspective due to the capacity to cause widespread illness by the intentional release of organisms into food and on to food preparation areas. 

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