Diagnosis and Management

Any acute chest disease that produces early respiratory failure with diffuse radiographic infiltrates must be included in the differential diagnosis of AIP (Table 2). In the absence of an obvious cause, patients should initially be treated for severe community acquired pneumonia. 

Most patients will require mechanical ventilation and, similar to ARDS, a low tidal volume, lung protective ventilatory strategy should be employed (56). Early bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) helps exclude infection and diffuse alveolar 

Acute exacerbation of IFF or other chronic fibrosing ILDs 

Acute respiratory failure in coUagen-vascular disease (e.g., dermatomyositis/ polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus ei3fthematosus) 

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage Drug-induced limg disease Infection 

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Reynolds, H. Y. (1988). Normal and defective respiratory host defenses. In Respiratory Infections Diagnosis and Management (J. E. Pennington, Ed.), pp. 1-33. Raven Press, New York. 

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Smith, R.E. and Nozik, R.A. (1989). Cystoid macular oedema and uveitis. In Uveitis A Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and Management , 2nd edn. pp. 108-119. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 

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The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society have published standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with AAT deficiency26 They recommend intravenous augmentation therapy for individuals with AAT... 

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Task Force. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement Standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 168 818-900. 

American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and management of patients with COPD [Internet]. Version 1.2. New York American Thoracic Society 2004 (updated September 8, 2005). Available at www-test.thoracic.org/copd/. Accessed January 25, 2006. 

National Institute for Clinical Excellence. The Epilepsies The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Children and Adults in Primary and Secondary Care http //www.nice.org.uk/ pdf/CG020NICEguideline.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2005. 

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diagnosis and Management of Epilepsy in Adults http //www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign70.pdf. Accessed December 20,2005. 

FIGURE 43-4. Approach to management of hyperprolactinemia.44 MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. (Reprinted, with permission, from Serri O, Chik CL, Ezzat S. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. Can Med Assoc J 2003 169(9) 575-581. 2003 by CMA Media, Inc.)... 

Stenchever MA, Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, Mishell DR. Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome Etiology, diagnosis, and management. In Stenchever MA, ed. Comprehensive Gynecolgy. 4th ed. St. Louis Mosby 2001 1065-1078. 

Lieberman P, Kemp SF, Oppenheimer J, et al. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115(3) S483-523. 

Rindfleisch JA, Muller D. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Phys 2005 72(6) 1037-1047. 

Dykewicz MS, Fineman S. Executive summary of joint task force of practice parameters on diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998 81(2) 463-468. 

American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics 2004 113(5) 1451-1465. 

Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM Jr, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2002 35(2) 113-125. 

Bayer AS, Bolger AF, Taubert KA, et al. Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications. Circulation 1998 98 2936-2948. 

Brown D, Frank J. Diagnosis and Management of Syphilis. American Family Physician. 2003 68(2) 283-290. 

Carek PJ, Dickerson JM, Sack JL. Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. Am Fam Physician 2001 63 2413-2420. 

PSA determination can be used to investigate the necessity for a prostate biopsy. PSA is considered a useful analyte in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer however, increased serum concentrations of PSA are also seen in patients without cancer of the prostate (e.g., patients with bacterial prostatitis or benign... 

Fig. 1. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of enteric infections. Adapted from Guerrant et al. [113], Infectious Diseases Society of America Practice Guidelines for the Management of Infectious Diarrhea.

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