Gasoline contaminants removal

Thornton, J. S. and Wootan, W. L., Jr., 1982, Venting for the Removal of Hydrocarbon Vapors from Gasoline Contaminated Soil Journal of Environmental Scientific Health, All, Vol. I, pp. 31 44. 

There are a wide range of bioremediation technologies either in use or proposed for use on oil/gasoline-contaminated land [301, 319], and these can be divided into two broad groups. In situ techniques treat the contamination at the site of the pollution event, whereas ex situ techniques remove the contamination from the ground and transfer it to another location for treatment. The use of in situ treatment is often preferable in terms of financial considerations, due to the cost of moving large quantities of soil [20]. Some novel approaches to the problem of hydrocarbon contamination of contaminated aqueous-solid phase environments is the use of (1) gas-liquid foams to enhance in situ bioremediation, and (2) biostimulation, as follows. 

Emission studies show that lead is only a small part of the automotive pollution problem. Prior to control, hydrocarbon emissions were more than 40 times and the oxides of nitrogen emissions more than 15 times the emission of the lead compounds. Obviously, however, legislation will result in the eventual elimination of lead from gasoline. The removal of lead, besides eliminating a possible toxic pollutant, simplifies the problem of handling other automotive exhaust pollutants in that catalytic exhaust chambers perform much better in the absence of lead contaminant. All emission standards become particularly severe in 1975 and 1980. The particulate standards are equivalent to 1 gram Pb/gal in 1975 and 0.3 gram Pb/gal in 1980. Since the particulates include all solid materials, tolerable lead levels will be less than indicated above. 

Davis S. W. and Powers S. E. (2000) Alternative sorbents for removing MTBE from gasoline-contaminated ground water. J. Environ. Eng. 126, 354—360. 

The HO FCC unit effluent must first be processed in an FCC style main fractionator. The main fractionator must remove catalyst fines from the heavy-oil product. The main fractionator also produces a light cycle oil and an overhead gas that is primarily light hydrocarbons and gasoline. The overhead of the main fractionator can be further processed via a wet-gas compressor. The gas is then stripped with the gasoline absorbed via a lean-oil absorber, followed by amine treatment and finally a caustic wash. The combined effluents are sent to compression and into a series of contaminant removal beds and hydrogenation steps. 

There is considerable interest in the removal of contaminants from the sites of former gas-lilling stations. The surrounding soil is contaminated not only with fuel hydrocarbon residues, but also with alkyl lead compounds that were previously used as gasoline additives. It has been shown... 

Removal of Gasoline from Contaminated Soil 18.8.4.1 In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction... 

Of the four enhanced volatilization methods described above, documentation exists to support the contention that the low-temperature thermal stripping system has the greatest ability to successfully remove contaminants that are similar to gasoline constituents (i.e., compounds with high vapor pressures) from soil. The limitations of some enhanced volatization techniques can be attributed to the following ... 

An abandoned refinery in the Midwest is located near a suburb of a medium-sized city. The site encompasses about 60 acres and has remained unoccupied since surface features at the refinery were removed in the 1960s. During the late 1970s, adjacent residents began to complain that their shallow irrigation wells produced contaminated water that smelled like gasoline. 

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