Gasohol alcohol used

Table II. Impact of Incentives Cost of Alcohol Used In Gasohol...

Methyl alcohol, CH2OH, also called wood alcohol or wood spirit, since it was formerly obtained from the destructive distillation of wood. It has also been synthesised from carbon monoxide and hydrogen or by fermentation of various sugar containing crops. Used as a part replacement for petrol in Gasohol to deliver a more environmentally friendly fuel, i.e., from renewable resources. 

Ethyl alcohol is being used extensively in the United States as an auto-, motive gasoline supplement, known as gasohol. However, the source of the... 

In 1977 the U.S. EPA began allowing the use of r-butyl alcohol up to 7%. More recently 50 50 mixtures of /-butyl alcohol and methyl alcohol are being used, and ethyl alcohol has also become popular. When 10% ethyl alcohol is mixed with gasoline it is called gasohol and it is popular in states with good com crops, since the alcohol can be made from com fermentation. 

The predominant method of ethanol manufacture, at one time, was by fermentation of sugars this method went out of use in the 1930s. However, com fermentation is now a source of 92% of all ethanol and is used for gasohol, a 10% alcohol 90% gasoline blend used for automobile fuel. 

One possible solution is to increase the use of ethanol as an oxygen additive to gasoline. Some experts had long recommended a gasoline-alcohol mixture known as gasohol as an inexpensive, efficient fuel for use in motor vehicles that would reduce the emission of carbon... 

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol, freezing point -114.1°C, boiling point 78.3°C, density 0.7893, flashpoint 14°C) is also named, industrial alcohol, grain alcohol, and alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is miscible in all proportions with water or with ether. When ignited, ethyl alcohol burns in air with a pale blue, transparent flame, producing water and carbon dioxide. The vapor forms an explosive mixture with air and is used in some internal combustion engines under compression as a fuel such mixtures are frequently referred to as gasohol. 

The fermentation process (Fig. 2) is in use again to produce ethyl alcohol for use in gasohol, an automobile fuel that is a simple mixture of 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol claimed to increase mileage. 

Fermentation alcohol has been used almost entirely for beverage purposes in less developed countries. In industrialized nations, even with available ethylene, fermentation alcohol is produced from low-cost surplus and waste materials. With the shift in economics it will compete with synthetic in the latter s fields. It has a monopoly of "gasohol" for political reasons and of beverages for emotional reasons. Fermentation alcohol capacity in the United States is uncertain but is estimated at... 

Like methanol, ethanol is a good motor fuel, with similar advantages and disadvantages. The race cars at the Indianapolis 500 have used ethanol as their primary fuel since 2006. A car s carburetor must be adjusted (for a richer mixture) and fitted with alcohol-resistant seals if it is to run on pure ethanol. Solutions of about 10% ethanol in gasoline ( gasohol ) work well without any adjustments, however. 

A considerable wood hydrolysis industry with rather old traditions is located in the Soviet Union. The main fermentation product based on hexoses in wood hydrolyzates is ethyl alcohol, but pentoses and aliphatic acids can also be utilized in the production of proteins (see Section 10.2.3). A variety of chemicals, including ethylene, ethylene oxide, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid, can be produced from ethyl alcohol. One interesting future application of ethyl alcohol concerns its use as a motor fuel mixed with gasoline (gasohol). 

In contrast to the Western economy, the Russia continued expansion of wood hydrolysis facilities, and about 40 such plants are presently in operation. All the Russian plants are based on dilute sulfuric acid in percolation towers. In the West interest in producing alcohols from wood was revitalized by the dramatic increase in the price of petroleum in the 1970s and the push to decrease oil imports by substituting gasohol, which is one part alcohol in nine parts gasoline, for 100 percent gasoline at gas pumps. Both ethanol and methanol can be used in gasohol blends. 

Car engines can burn pure alcohol or gasohol, an alcohol-gasoline mixture (10% ethanol in gasoline), with little modification. Gasohol is now widely available in the United States. The use of pure alcohol as a motor fuel is not feasible in most of the United States because it does not vaporize easily when temperatures are low. However, pure ethanol could be a very practical fuel in warm climates. For example, in Brazil large quantities of ethanol fuel are produced for cars. 

For the 10% alcohol-gasoline blends, a formula for the gasohol fuels for automotive use, as well as for some industrial applications, anhydrous ethanol is required because this is miscible with gasoline and many other nonpolar solvents. The presence of even a trace of water in the alcohol or the hydrocarbon component causes a water-rich phase to separate from the composite fuel. 

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