Gasifications construction materials

Gasification ash can be used depending on its composition as a construction material and can be a possible source of refractory materials as cement additives or even fluxing agent for other gasification processes. And, of course, disposal of ash or slag in landfills remains always the final, but undesirable option [10]. 

In the study, five FRC samples, about 3 to 5 mm in thickness, were examined. The results from the study show that FRC materials have high resistance to ignition, high heat of gasification and high resistance to self-sustained fire propagation. These results suggest that a composite combat vehicle, by virtue of its construction, does not present an unusual fire hazard. 

Materials of construction are becoming more critical with development of the newer processes and unit operations. Therefore, an expanded materials research program is essential to the successful development of a coal gasification industry. 

Coal gasification is carried out at 850°C and 40 atmospheres pressure, by reaction of coal with steam and oxygen. The empirical formula of the coal is roughly CHo.sSq.ou- What materials of construction would you recommend for... 

Gasification should help the development of the country and especially the poorest strata of the society according to the requirements of the IMF and World Bank. Many poor people live in rural areas, where except in the harvest season a high unemployment exists. The introduction of new sources of energy should create jobs and/or replace unworthy work. New technology used in the rural areas implicates however, that it should be based on unskilled or hardly skilled labour. Local construction or at least local maintenance and repair requires the equipment to be made of well know materials and with simple techniques so that local technological development is stimulated in an appropriate way. 

In The Netherlands, Shell is operating a coal gasification pilot plant that has achieved considerable success. During the process no - or hardly any - air pollution occurs. The sulfur contained in the coal is released as elementary sulfur, while the residues are transformed into a vitreous, pearl-like material, suitable for several purposes in the construction industry. At present the cost of this gas, produced in The Netherlands, is approximately three times as high as that for natural gas. Only when applied on an extensive scale (probably not before 1986) will the price become competitive with those of the fuels in use today. 

Commercial facilities constructed include a coal gasification plant for synthesis gas manufacture, raw gas cleanup and separation facilities, a sulfur recovery unit, a coal-fired steam plant, and chemical plants to produce methanol, methyl acetate, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride. In the 1980s, these plants gasified approximately 900 tons of coal/day to produce annually over 500 million lb of acetic anhydride, 150 million lb of acetic acid, 390 million lb of methyl acetate, 365 million lb of methanol, and 15 million lb of sulfur. An expansion in 1991 more than doubled the capacity for methyl acetate, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride. Approximately one billion lb of acetic anhydride, one of Eastman s key raw materials, is used each year in making photographic film base, Tenite cellulosic plastics, Estron acetate for filter tow, textile yarns, and coatings chemicals. 

The most important factor for the choice of process layout is, of course, the type of feedstock. Before the Second World War coke dominated (see Sect. 6.3.6). During the war several plants based on natural gas were constructed in the USA [522], and natural gas has since then been the preferred feedstock in the USA as well as in other parts of the world. There has, however, also been a significant production based on partial oxidation of heavy fuel oil or gasification of coal, especially in Europe and in countries like India and China also naphtha has been a preferred feedstock in some areas. During the 1970s there was, due to the oil crises, a renewed interest, especially in the USA, in coal as feedstock for ammonia production, but an expected major change to coal-based production of ammonia did not materialize. Comparisons of the economics of ammonia production from different feedstocks may be found in [160, 676-691]. 

The number of biomass-to-liquid facilities at aU scales rises significantly when including plants under construction and projected (lEA World Gasification Database, 2015). A summary of the main facilities including raw material, main product, and stams is shown in Table 15.6. 

---