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Gases experience

A if a gas can liquefy, that would imply that gases experience intermolecular forces... [Pg.28]

The macroscopic properties of the three states of matter can be modeled as ensembles of molecules, and their interactions are described by intermolecular potentials or force fields. These theories lead to the understanding of properties such as the thermodynamic and transport properties, vapor pressure, and critical constants. The ideal gas is characterized by a group of molecules that are hard spheres far apart, and they exert forces on each other only during brief periods of collisions. The real gases experience intermolecular forces, such as the van der Waals forces, so that molecules exert forces on each other even when they are not in collision. The liquids and solids are characterized by molecules that are constantly in contact and exerting forces on each other. [Pg.124]

Fig. 7.26. Positronium total scattering cross sections for helium and argon gases. Experiment Garner, Laricchia and Ozen (1996) , He A, Ar. Theory... Fig. 7.26. Positronium total scattering cross sections for helium and argon gases. Experiment Garner, Laricchia and Ozen (1996) , He A, Ar. Theory...
Test for carbon monoxide in exhaust gases (Experiment 31)... [Pg.191]

See, for example, pp. 28-36 of [2]. Unlike solids, in which transmission of forces between molecules is the dominant contributor to surface stresses, gases experience surface stresses primarily by migration of molecules with differing momenta across surfaces. [Pg.622]

Other factors that affect the solubility of a gas are its size, and reactivity with the solvent. Heavier, larger gases experience greater van der Waals forces and tend to be more soluble. Gases that chemically react with a solvent have greater solubility. [Pg.77]

Figure 6.22. Observations of CH3CCI3 and CFC-11 from the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment/ Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (ALE/GAGE) and Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) databases, respectively. The projections from the baseline emission scenario of WMO/UNEP (1998) are shown for comparison. The scenario includes estimated industrial production and emission for each year (including the effects of delayed release in some applications such as refrigeration, see WMO/UNEP, 1998). The methyl chloroform data show a rapid decline observed in recent years due to reduced emissions and the 5-year lifetime of this gas (Prinn et al, 1995 WMO/UNEP, 1998), while the CFC-11 abundances have just passed their peak (Elkins et al, 1993 Montzka et al, 1996 updated courtesy of J. Elkins and S. Montzka) and are projected to decline slowly in the future due to the 50-year lifetime of this gas. From Solomon (1999). Figure 6.22. Observations of CH3CCI3 and CFC-11 from the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment/ Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (ALE/GAGE) and Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) databases, respectively. The projections from the baseline emission scenario of WMO/UNEP (1998) are shown for comparison. The scenario includes estimated industrial production and emission for each year (including the effects of delayed release in some applications such as refrigeration, see WMO/UNEP, 1998). The methyl chloroform data show a rapid decline observed in recent years due to reduced emissions and the 5-year lifetime of this gas (Prinn et al, 1995 WMO/UNEP, 1998), while the CFC-11 abundances have just passed their peak (Elkins et al, 1993 Montzka et al, 1996 updated courtesy of J. Elkins and S. Montzka) and are projected to decline slowly in the future due to the 50-year lifetime of this gas. From Solomon (1999).
On the Somme, phosgene killed men in their hundreds. The Daily Chronicle enthusiastically reported that British wounded brought back from the German trenches by their comrades relate that the effects of the new gases experimented with are terrible. One soldier of the Highland Light Infantry, who took part in one of the principal incursions into the enemy trenches, declares that all the Germans... [Pg.170]

The sulfur dioxide adsorbed on the surface can be stripped by other gases. Experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of... [Pg.262]

An ideal gas is one whose particles take up no space. Ideal gases experience no intermolecular attractive forces, nor are they attracted or repelled by the walls of their containers. The particles of an ideal gas are in constant, random motion, moving in straight lines until they collide with each other or with the walls of the container. Additionally, these collisions are perfectly elastic, which means that the kinetic energy of the system does not change. An ideal gas follows the gas laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure. [Pg.457]

Linqi Zhu, Xinquan Zhou. Jianguo Xie, Yingctm Zhu. Spontaneous combustion indicator gases experiment analysis and optimal selection. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering 2008 25(4) 440-444. [Pg.905]

These elastic expansion and compression effects can be especially well observed in substances that can be easily compressed such as gases (Experiment 3.4). [Pg.63]

Fig. 2.77 Historical records of methyl chloroform (CH3CCI3) mixing ratios (in ppt) at Cape Grim and Mace Head Cape Grim data from CSIRO Marine Atmospheric Research, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollntion Station/Anstralian Bureau of Meteorology and the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), see also Prinn et al. (2005) Mace Head data from Reimann et al. (2004) see also http //cdiac.oml.gov/ftp/ale gage Agage/. Fig. 2.77 Historical records of methyl chloroform (CH3CCI3) mixing ratios (in ppt) at Cape Grim and Mace Head Cape Grim data from CSIRO Marine Atmospheric Research, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollntion Station/Anstralian Bureau of Meteorology and the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), see also Prinn et al. (2005) Mace Head data from Reimann et al. (2004) see also http //cdiac.oml.gov/ftp/ale gage Agage/.
Rizzo, C., Rizzo, A., Bishop, D. M. (1997). The Cotton-Mouton effect in gases Experiment and theory. International Reviews in Physical Chemistry, 16, 81. [Pg.439]

To summarize the above, the thermophysical properties of liquid metals and gases experience only minor linear changes with increasing temperature. However, all the properties of water at pseudocritical conditions go through very rapid changes. The basic properties of He, CO2, and water are summarized in Table A2.5. Basic properties of Pb, molten salt (FLiNaK), and Na are summarized in Table A2.6. [Pg.759]

Produced from Co l. Estimates of the cost of producing methanol from coal have been made by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (12,17) and they are more uncertain than those using natural gas. Experience in coal-to-methanol faciUties of the type and size that would offer the most competitive product is limited. The projected costs of coal-derived methanol are considerably higher than those of methanol produced from natural gas. The cost of the production faciUty accounts for most of the increase (11). Coal-derived methanol is not expected to compete with gasoline unless oil prices exceed 0.31/L ( 50/bbl). Successful development of lower cost entrained gasification technologies could reduce the cost so as to make coal-derived methanol competitive at oil prices as low as 0.25/L ( 40/bbl) (17) (see Coal conversion processes). [Pg.423]

The primary air flow rate per jet necessary for smokeless combustion depends on the molecular weight and degree of unsaturation of the flare gas. Experience indicates that it varies linearly with percent unsaturates, from a minimum of 20 % excess air for a flare gas containing 0 % unsaturates to 35 % excess air for a gas containing 67 mol % unsaturates. Based on this relationship and a gas flow rate of 72.2 mVh per jet, the required primary air flow rate can be computed directly from the gas composition, or approximated conservatively from the following equation ... [Pg.262]

Tracer gas experiment with mathematical or physical model to check efficiencv... [Pg.606]

The average age of air for all air molecules in the complete room can be found by performing a step-up tracer gas experiment, and by measuring tracer gas concentration Q in the exhaust opening. The same procedure can be used for CFD simulations. The definition for average age of air in the room is... [Pg.628]

A novel reactor for pyrolysis of a PE melt stirred by bubbles of flowing nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure permits uniform temperature depolymerisation. Sweep-gas experiments at temperatures 370-410 C allowed pyrolysis products to be collected separately as reactor residue (solidified PE melt), condensed vapour, and uncondensed gas products. MWDs determined by GPC indicated that random scission and repolymerisation (crosslinking) broadened the polymer-melt MWD. 19 refs. USA... [Pg.63]

C05-0112. A student proposes that SO2 gas contains a significant fraction of dimer with formula S2 O4. Describe a gas experiment that would verity or disprove this proposal. [Pg.344]

Plug flow with t = 7 for reactive gas experiment and with i = average contact time. [Pg.423]

Deuterium gas experiments, continuous NMR and GC/MS analysis, in situ high-pressure NMR spectra and the isolation of some intermediates provided Fish with sufficient information to propose the mechanism shown in Scheme 16.16 for the hydrogenation of quinoline to THQ, catalyzed by [Rh(NCMe)3Cp ]2+ (40°C, 33 bar H2, CH2C12) [55]. [Pg.474]

In practical combustion systems, such as CO boilers, the flue gas experiences spatial and temporal variations. Constituent concentration, streamline residence time, and temperature are critical to determining an efficient process design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and chemical kinetic modeling are used to achieve accurate design assessments and NO, reduction predictions based on these parameters. The critical parameters affecting SNCR and eSNCR design are listed in Table 17.4. [Pg.324]

Zawodny, J. M., and M. P. McCormick, Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II Measurements of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9371-9377 (1991). [Pg.726]

Cunnold, D. M H. Wang, W. P. Chu, and L. Froidevaux, Comparisons between Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II and Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone Measurements and Aliasing of SAGE II Ozone Trends in the Lower Stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10061-10075 (1996). [Pg.754]

As a general illustration of tbe construction or principle of a sulphuric acid chamber, it may be said to resemble a bell-jar, as used in the ordinary manner for gas experiments. In this case the bottom resembles a large square basin, into which the chamber appears to have been inverted, like the before-mentioned bell-jar in a saucer of water. This 1b shown in Fig. 578, Tho height of this basin edge, or turn-up, as it is technically termed, is about twelve inches. Into this, as in the figure, the side dips, and a light water lute joint Is produced. By pushing the chamber side a little inwards—as in Fig. 579—from the tum-up,... [Pg.1026]

Chemical flotation aids. Dispersed gas experiments demonstrated that 10 ppm of frother chemical significantly improved oil recovery in both fresh and saline waters. [Pg.191]

SAGE II sage in Experiment 1 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment 111 profiles O3, NO2, H2O, aerosols 03, OCIO, BrO, NO2, NO3 aerosols NASA Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (1984 - present) Meteor 3M (2001) Intema-tional Space Station (2002)... [Pg.307]

Ultraviolet) instrument and from SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II), together with supporting data from ozonesondes and satellite instruments such as SME (Solar Mesosphere Explorer) and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer). The model interpolates monthly ozone values to its timestep and this time-varying ozone repeats every simulation year. The model currently does not allow the ozone to become interactive, neither does it represent any change in ozone due to chemical processes, although work is underway to incorporate these features. [Pg.365]

This paper deals with modem technologies pertaining to the production of LNG from natural gas. Experience is drawn from large scale LNG production to applications of medium to small scale. Special attempts are made to describe actual technologies in some detail in order to show the tme diversity in modem LNG production. [Pg.75]

In the case of polyatomic molecules the radial distribution curve as deduced from electron-diffraction gas experiments may also be considered as a kind of a weighted sum of p ip curves for the internal motion in the molecule, but here all intemuclear distances are inseparably mixed together in a one-dimensional representation. For a rigid molecule, such as carbon tetrachloride or benzene, electron diffraction may produce quite accurate information as to the geometry of the molecule. As to the internal motion of the molecule, vibrational amplitudes may be deduced and compared with the corresponding data, differently but usually considerably more accurately, obtained by spectroscopic methods. How this is actually done in practice is perhaps most elegantly described by S. Cyvin4). [Pg.102]

Paterson J. 1994. Report on mustard gas experiments. J Am Inst Horn 37 47-50, 88-92. [Pg.115]

Fig. 5.12. Positron impact ionization of helium gas. Experiment a, Fromme et al. (1986) o, Moxom, Ashley and Laricchia, (1996) , Jacobsen et al. (1995b) ... Fig. 5.12. Positron impact ionization of helium gas. Experiment a, Fromme et al. (1986) o, Moxom, Ashley and Laricchia, (1996) , Jacobsen et al. (1995b) ...

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