Gases biological, sources

The hydrocarbon methane (CH,) is the major component of natural gas (around 90 percent) that is found in oil and gas wells throughout the world. Since the begiiitiiiig of time, methane has also been produced by a number of biological sources—both natural and huiiiaii—by the decoiiipositioii of organ-... 

Gas Principal biological source Residence time in the atmosphere... 

Remote continental -104 Three modes centered at Dp - 0.02, 0.12, and 1.8 p, m includes products of gas-to-particle conversion and biological sources, e.g., pollens... 

Light paraffins, Aerobic biological source hydrocarbons industrial processes blast furnaces Natural gas leakage motor... 

Packed columns. Packed columns were introduced by Martin in 1952 [33]. Since then, they have been developed for application to compounds derived from biological sources [34,35] and are now the most widely used columns for gas phase chromatography in this field. 

Here we can see a biological source for nitrous oxide (N20), an important and rather stable trace gas in the troposphere. In nature there are many other... 

Sources Combustion (coal, oil, gasoline, diesel, wood) Gas-to-particle conversion of NO, S03, and VOCs Smelters, mills, etc. Resuspension of industrial dust and soil Suspension of soil (farming, mining, unpaved roads) Biological sources Construction/demolition Ocean spray... 

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important atmospheric gas that is emitted predominantly by biological sources in soils and water. Although by comparison to CO2 and H2O, N2O has a far lower concentration, it is an extremely influential greenhouse gas. This is a result of its long... 

Unsaturated aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons have numerous biological sources. Ethylene, H2C = CH2, the simplest of the series, is emitted by green plants in substantial quantities. It has hormonal activity and has been implicated in the control of many physiological processes in plants. The natural tropospheric concentration of ethylene is very low due to its high reactivity with ozone, -OH, and other atmospheric oxidants (Robinson and Robbins, 1968), but in polluted atmospheres its concentrations can be much higher. It is a product of combustion of wood, coal, oil, natural gas, and petroleum. Elevated levels of ethylene, such as may occur in homes where coal gas is used for cooking, can be very deleterious to plants. 

Attack by the excretion of mineral or organic acids of a biological source such as hydrated hydrogen sulphide gas (by SRB, for example) or nitric acid (by, for instance, nitrifying bacteria) that results in hydrolysis of the material... 

Monobasic acids are determined by gas chromatographic analysis of the free acids dibasic acids usually are derivatized by one of several methods prior to chromatographing (176,177). Methyl esters are prepared by treatment of the sample with BF.—methanol, H2SO4—methanol, or tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Gas chromatographic analysis of silylation products also has been used extensively. Liquid chromatographic analysis of free acids or of derivatives also has been used (178). More sophisticated hplc methods have been developed recentiy to meet the needs for trace analyses ia the environment, ia biological fluids, and other sources (179,180). Mass spectral identification of both dibasic and monobasic acids usually is done on gas chromatographicaHy resolved derivatives. 

SOURCE Data compiled from Ottengraf, S. P. P, Biological Systems for Waste Gas Elimination, 1987, Table 3. 

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