Gas formation

In gas reservoir engineering, the gas expansion factor, E, is commonly used. However, in oil reservoir engineering it is often more convenient to refer to the gas formation volume factor which is the reciprocal E, and is expressed in units of scf/stb (using field units). The reason for this will become apparent in Section 8. 

Another approach used to reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals in petroleum residues is metal passivation. In this process an oil-soluble treating agent containing antimony is used that deposits on the catalyst surface in competition with contaminant metals, thus reducing the catalytic activity of these metals in promoting coke and gas formation. Metal passivation is especially important in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes. Additives that improve FCC processes were found to increase catalyst life and improve the yield and quality of products. ... 

Pretreating the feedstocks with hydrogen is not always effective in reducing heavy metals, and it is expensive. Other means that proved successful are modifying the composition and the microporous structure of the catalyst or adding metals like Sb, Bi or Sn, or Sb-Sn combination. Antimony organics have been shown to reduce by 50% gas formation due to metal contaminants, especially nickel. ... 

Mittasch, recognizing the fact that decompn of NC in Hess app was abnormally high because the gases under press excercised an autocatalytic action, constructed an app in which NC, heated to 70° under atm press, was connected to a manometer. Thus, any vol changes because of gas formation were automatically registered. As Mittasch s.app was very complicated and costly, it did not find practical application except in Engl, where it was used in modified form for... 

Klunsch (Ref 72) has incorporated hydra-zinium nitroformate and aluminum hydride in plastisol NC formulations which cure at room temp without undesirable gas formation. A number of such formulations and calculated ballistic results are given in Table 21. Although these are attractive propint s from the standpoint of potential energy, their impact sensitivity was not described. Similar plastisol binder propellants in Table 18 were sensitive enough to impact to warrant extreme caution in processing into rockets. 

It is not usual for unopened drums of nitrite-based chemical to degrade, and the product should remain in good condition for several years. However, it is possible for tannin-based corrosion inhibitors to degrade, even in unopened drums. Under warm conditions (such as storage in a boil-erhouse) and in the absence of a small amount of suitable microbiocide in the formulation, plastic drums containing tannin products may swell considerably because of microbiological degradation and gas formation. Care is needed to avoid accidents. 

Product yield The yield of an irradiation process [39] can be defined as the amount of a particular reaction (cross-Unking, degradation, gas formation, formation of unsaturation, etc.) produced per 100 eV of absorbed energy. It is expressed as the G value, for example. 

The catalytic partial oxidation of methane for the production of synthesis gas is an interesting alternative to steam reforming which is currently practiced in industry [1]. Significant research efforts have been exerted worldwide in recent years to develop a viable process based on the partial oxidation route [2-9]. This process would offer many advantages over steam reforming, namely (a) the formation of a suitable H2/CO ratio for use in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis network, (b) the requirement of less energy input due to its exothermic nature, (c) high activity and selectivity for synthesis gas formation. 

As mentioned before, the vast majority of accidents in batch processing arise when the control of the temperature of the reaction mixture is lost. This situation often leads to a temperature thermal) runaway, i.e. a temperature overshoot that can result in undesired reactions (decompositions), evaporation, or gas formation. As a consequence, pressure is built up inside a reactor and this can cau.se an explosion. The explosion is usually accompanied by damage to the equipment and release of hazardous (toxic, explosive, or flammable) species to the. surroundings. 

Remove gases from waste before injection or treat to prevent gas formation in the injection zone. 

When cementing high pressure gas formations, the gas can penetrate the cement slurry before it sets greatly weakening the set cement (27). Various solutions to this problem have been proposed including the use of cement slurry formulations which expand as they harden thereby resisting gas invasion (28). 

Gidley, J.L., et al. "Stimulation of Low-Permeability Gas Formations by Massive Hydraulic Fracturing - A Study of Well Performance," J. Pet. Technol.(April 1979), 525-531. 

Long contact time thermal processes have the intrinsic disadvantage of poor selectivity for light hydrocarbon gas formation relative to heteroatom removal (see Figure 3). 

The average quantity and composition of gases from AC1 and AC2 are shown in Table 3. The N2 free gases contained small quantities of CO2, H2S, and other gases which are probably the result of thermal coal decomposition. Only 2 weight percent of the as-fed coal goes to gas during the first step of the process. This amount of gas formation probably cannot be avoided. 

SCT-SRC could be further processed at temperatures above that of dissolution to produce a clean solid fuel of reduced sulfur content. Char formation tendency would be lowered by prior removal of mineral matter and undissolved coal. At higher temperatures, desulfurization would proceed rapidly light gas formation might be minimized by keeping the time very short. Hydrogen consumption would be minimized because aromatic-hydroaromatic equilibria favor aromatics as temperatures increase. 

Figure 16. Model In PC based electrolytes, solvent co-intercalation, gas formation and crevice formation in polycrystalline graphite materials are inter-related reactions. In fact, there is a subsequence of reactions (1) PC co-intercalation, (2) gas formation, (3) crevice formation ultimately resulting in exfoliation and macroscopic destruction of graphite [40],...

Few models include the effects of in situ gas formation on the fluidization properties of the reactors this improvement, along with improvements in other areas, such as inclusion of improved structured models of microbial kinetics or inclusion of maintenance energy requirements or the effects of suspended cells on the reaction rate, might produce more accurate models, though it is unclear at this point whether the increased complexity would be justified. 

Propagation Release of rich oil and gas, formation of vapor cloud, ignition of vapor cloud by recompressors, collapse of absorber tower across pipe rack... 

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