Ganglion cell tumors

NF/Dako/1 50 Ganglion cell tumors neurofibroma PNET Alzheimer disease CNS parenchyma Mw 15 min in citrate, pH 6.0... 

Ganglion cell tumors Binucleated and pleomorphic neurons diagnosis depends on gliomatous and neuroblastic elements GFAP (S) synaptophysin(S) PGP9.5 neurofilament (S) type IV collagen Cerebrum CNS... 

Powell SZ, Yachnis AT, Rorke LB, et al. Divergent differentiation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma Evidence for a neuronal element and possible relationship to ganglion cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996 20 80-85. 

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglion cells. The tumor secretes catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. The patient in the case study at the beginning of the chapter had a left adrenal pheochromocytoma that was identified by imaging. In addition, she had elevated plasma and urinary norepinephrine, epinephrine, and their metabolites, normetanephrine and metanephrine. 

IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are proinflammatory cytokines. They are produced in response to adverse stimuli. Each cytokine exists as two well-characterized isoforms IL-lot and IL-1P, and TNF-ot and TNF-p, respectively. There is strong evidence for the involvement of IL-1P and TNF ot in the pathogenesis of experimental brain ischemia (Hallenbeck, 2002 Patel et al., 2003). In the retina, transient ischemia causes upregulation of TNF-ot (Fontaine et al., 2002). In the early phase of reperfusion, TNF-ot is primarily upregulated in ganglion cells, amacrine cells, and Muller cells. There is no consensus about the overall efiect of TNF-ot on retinal cell viability. There is an indication that activation of TNF receptor 2 is neuroprotective, whereas activation of TNF receptor 1 augments neuronal death. 

The adrenal medullary cells and extra-adrenal para-ganglionic cells and their tumors typically exhibit a neurofilament- and vimentin-positive phenotype (Fig. 

Undifferentiated and poorly differentiated NB without obvious ganglion cells or schwannian differentiation may be extremely difficult to distinguish from other small blue cell tumors, particularly EWS/PNET, leukemia/lymphoma, RMS, and MRT. Judicious use of myogenic markers and hematolymphoid markers helps to identify RMS, leukemias, and lymphomas. NBs are typically negative for vimentin and CD99, which permit distinction from EWS/PNET. MRT displays reactivity for vimentin, keratins, and epithelial membrane antigen, in addition to other mesenchymal markers, which aid in the distinction from NB. ... 

The most frequent soft-tissue masses of the hand and fingers are ganglion cysts, the giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath and lipomas (Garcia and Bianchi 2001 Seboun et al. 1989). Other lesions may present as pseudomasses, including partial tendon tears that lead to a fusiform hypoechoic swelling of the tendon with loss of the fibrillar echotexture. 

Fig. 1. Peripheral and central mechanism of neuropathic pain caused by vincristine. The upper diagram shows the effect of vincristine on the peripheral nervous system (comprising Schwann cells and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)) and the involvement of interleukin (IL)-6 derived from infiltrating macrophages in neuropathic pain caused by vincristine. The lower diagram shows the effect of vincristine on the central nervous system, and the involvement of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) derived from activated microglia and astrocytes in neuropathic pain caused by vincristine.

Urdal DL, Hakomori S. Tumor-associated ganglion-trisylceramide— target for antibody-dependent, avidin-mediated drug killing of tumor cells. J Biol Chem 1980 255 509-516. 

Neurofilaments stain both tests for a ganglionic tumor component (see the Neuronal Tumors section later in this chapter) and often show axons of brain tissue that existed before the tumor.The latter helps assess infiltration by neoplastic cells. 

Primary tumors (i.e., fibroma of the tendon sheath, clear cell sarcoma) arising from the tendon and its sheath are exceptional (Gandolfo et al. 2000 Fox et al. 2003). On the contrary, non-neoplastic space-occupying lesions, such as ganglion cysts and the... 

---