Toxicity gallium

When used as a diagnostic tool, gallium has produced dermatitis in some patients. Gallium can also lead to gastrointestinal distress. There are not any reported cases of gallium toxicity from occupational exposure. 

Experimentally, deferoxamine mesylate has been effective in treating gallium toxicity. Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid and weso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid have not been effective. 

Al-Aoukaty A, Appanna VD, Falter H (1992) Gallium toxicity and adaptation on Pseudomonas fluorescens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 71 265-272... 

Intermetallic compounds with gallium are used as semiconductors. Indium is used to coat other metals to protect against corrosion, especially in engine bearings it is also a constituent of low-metal alloys used in safety sprinklers. The toxicity of thallium compounds has limited the use of the metal, but it does find use as a constituent of high-endurance alloys for bearings. 

The toxicity of vanadium alloys may depend on other components in the alloy. For example, the V Ga alloy requires precautions related to both vanadium and gaUium, and gallium is highly toxic. Similarly, alloys with chromium may require precautions associated with that metal. 

Gallium melts in the hand and then resembles mercury however, it is not toxic. A gallium spoon melts in tea - a favorite trick. 

Webb, D.R., S.E. Wilson, and D.E. Carter. 1986. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of gallium arsenide, gallium (III) oxide, or arsenic (III) oxide intratracheally instilled into rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82 405-416. 

Most gallium compounds are toxic, particularly the metal gaUium arsenide. When forms of gallium are used in the electronics industry, great care must be taken to protect workers. 

Oral- Amiodarone may cause a clinical syndrome of cough and progressive dyspnea accompanied by functional, radiographic, gallium scan, and pathological data consistent with pulmonary toxicity. The frequency varies from 2% to 17% fatalities occur in about 10% of cases. However, in patients with life-threatening arrhythmias, discontinuation of amiodarone therapy due to suspected drug-induced pulmonary toxicity should be undertaken with caution. 

Gallium s low toxicity and liquid state at room temperature make it an excellent diagnostic tool. Gallium has a half-life in the body of 4 to 5 days. Higher levels of exposure can cause kidney damage as well as nausea, vomiting, and anemia. 

An alternative to gallium vapour is an organometallic compound of gallium. One preparation reacts trimethyl gallium (Ga (0113)3) with the highly volatile (although toxic) arsine (AsHs). 

Gallium and most nf its compounds are not highly toxic. For rats and rabbits, the LDmn has been established at approximately 100 mg of gallium per kilogram. 

Hart MM, Adamson RH. 1971. Antitumor activity and toxicity of salts of inorganic group Ilia metals Aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 68 1623-1626. 

Tsai, C.Y., Chen, Y.F., Chen, W.C., Yang, F.R., Chen, J.H. and Lin, J.C. (2005) Separation of gallium and arsenic in wafer grinding extraction solution using a supported liquid membrane that contains PC88A as a carrier. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances e[ Environmental Engineering, 40, 477. 

Other metals in group 13 have not been investigated nearly as extensively as aluminium. Recently, however, indium and gallium complexes have been shown to be active initiators in particular, indium complexes are quite desirable due to their low toxicity and water tolerance [65-67]. Table 3 illustrates some selected examples of interesting Ga and In initiators. 

Metallic gallium and its salts have little or no toxicity, compared to the very toxic thallium salts. The toxicity of the aluminum ion is controversial. The gallium ion has been investigated as a possible antitumor agent, but no clinically useful compounds have been produced, see also Inorganic Chemistry Mendeleev, Dimitri Semiconductors. 

Gallium(III) and indium(III) radionuclides are used widely for radiodiagnosis. As with all complexes used for such purposes, rapid and stable binding of the toxic radionuclide is essential. Molecular mechanics modeling has been used to predict the stability of gallium(III) and indium(III) complexes of bis(aminoetha-nethiol) ligands and to attempted a prediction of the coordination numbers of the complexes 5121. 

Tanaka, A. (2004). Toxicity of indium arsenide, gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198 405-11. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen. Mildly toxic by intraperitoneal route. Most arsenic compounds are poisons. Can react with steam, acids, and acid fumes to evolve the deadly poisonous arsine. Molten gaUium arsenide attacks quartz. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of As. See also ARSENIC COMPOUNDS and GALLIUM COMPOUNDS. 

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