Gallium-67 citrate

The primary tumor is assessed with chest x-rays and fiberoptic bronchoscopy, whereas lymphatic spread is usually assessed by mediastinoscopy, gallium-67 citrate scanning, and CT and/or PET scans. If the history and physical examination or other routine clinical studies (e.g., complete blood cell count and liver function tests) suggest the possibility of metastatic disease, then special scans (e.g., bone, brain, or liver) or biopsies (e.g., bone marrow or liver) may be necessary for... 

Sephton RG and Harris AW (1975) Gallium-67 citrate uptake by cultured tumor cells, stimulated by serum transferrin. J Natl Cancer Inst 54 1263 — 1266. 

Pulmonary scanning of gallium 67 citrate is widely used in nuclear medicine departments for the detection of cancers and the active inflammation associated with interstitial lung disease and may also reflect macrophage activity. Tsuchiya et al. (41) demonstrated that the uptake measured by gamma-scintigraphy correlates with the expression of transferrin receptors (TFRs)... 

Tsuchiya Y, Nakao A, Komatsu T, Yamamoto M, Shimokata K. Relationship between gallium 67 citrate scanning and transferrin receptor expression in limg diseases. Chest 1992 102 530-534. 

Kanner RE, Barkman HW Jr, Rom WN, Taylor AT Jr (1985) Gallium-67 Citrate Imaging in Underground Coal Miners. Am J Ind Med 8 49-55... 

Direct. Some radionucHdes are packaged in solution for direct sampling (qv) via a septum and injection into the patient. GalHum-67 is a marker of inflammation, infection, and various tumor types. Its half-life is 78.3 h and it is suppHed as the gallium citrate salt. Indium-111 chloride is suppHed for the labeling of white blood ceUs. The In chloride is mixed with oxine (9-hydroxyquinoline) to form a lipophilic, cationic In oxine complex, which enters the white blood ceU. The complex dissociates within the ceU, and the cationic In " ion is trapped within the ceU, owing to its charge. 

The data are also compared (Figure 3) with the 60 min distribution of gallium citrate and the 24 hr distribution of fibrinogen. These data are taken from the literature (16) and represent plasma volume to a first approximation. The cryptate distribution showed no apparent correlation with the protein distributions, as would have been expected if the cryptate had dissociated instantaneously, with subsequent tagging of plasma proteins. 

Gallium citrate, which contains the radioactive nuclide " Ga, is used in medicine as a tumor-seeking agent. Gallium-67 decays with a half-life of 77.9 hours. How much time is required for it to decay to 5.0% of its initial activity ... 

A gallium citrate complex (NFl4)3[Ga(C6H507)2]-4H20 has been studied by C CPMAS NMR. The number and intensities of the resolved resonances in the spectrum are found to be consistent with the X-ray structure. 

Matzapetakis, M., Kourgiantakis, M.. Dakanali, M., Raptopoulou, C. P., Terzis, A., Lakatos, A., Kiss, T., Banyai, L, lordanidis, L., Mavromoustakos, T., and Salifoglou, A. (2001). Synthesis, pH-dependent structural characterization, and solution behavior of aqueous aluminum and gallium citrate complexes. Inorg. Chem. 40, 1734-1744. 

Fludeoxyglucose F 18 injection Fluorodopa F 18 injection Flumazenil C 11 injection Gallium citrate Ga 67 injection Indium In 111 chloride solution Indium In 111 capromab pendetide injection... 

Following subcutaneous injection of gallium lactate (90-100 mg Ga kg ) in rabbits, 96% of the excreted gallium dose was found in the urine (Dudley etal. 1949). Approximately 40% of a gallium dose appeared in the urine of dogs 24 h after intravenous injection of gallium citrate (5 mg Ga kg ) (Dudley and Marrer 1952). 

Gallium. The barrier to rotation about the Ga-N bond in [Me2GaNMe(C6H2-2,4,6-BuS)] has been determined. "" and NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate carboxyl exchange in a gallium citrate complex. " ... 

Historically, gallium citrate (Ga 67) scans were used to assess the extent of intrapulmonary inflammation (alveolitis) in diverse ILDs (15). However, Ga scans are nonspecific, expensive, inconvenient and do not predict prognosis or responsiveness to therapy (2). Thus, Ga scans have no role to stage or follow patients with IPF (15). Clearance of Tc diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) aerosol is accelerated in IPF, and is a marker of increased lung permeability (15). Increased metabolic uptake may be noted by positron emission tomographic (PET) scans in patients with IPF (18). However, the sensitivity, specificity and clinical value of DTPA or PET scans to stage or follow IPF have not been elucidated. 

Banta GA, Rettig SJ, Storr A, Trotter J (1985) Synthesis characterization, and structural studies of gallium citrate complexes. Can J Chem 63 2545-2549... 

Dudley HC (1950) Gallium citrate and radio-gallium (Ga ) citrate. J Am Chem Soc... 

Hawkes GE, O Brien P, Salicinski H, Motevalli M, Abrahams 1 (2001) Solid and solution state NMR spectra and the structure of the gallium citrate complex (NH )3[Ga(C Hj07)2] 4HjO. Eur J Inoig Chem 1005-1011... 

Polymers containing 8-hydroxyquinoline appear to be selective adsorbents for tungsten in alkaline brines (95). In the presence of tartrate and citrate, quinaldic acid [93-10-7] allows the separation of zinc from gallium and indium (96). Either of these compounds can selectively separate lead and zinc from oxide ores as complexes (97). It is also possible to separate by extraction micro quantities of rhenium(VII), using quinoline in basic solution (98). The... 

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