Fungi and protozoa

Benzalkoilium (Zephiran) is a rapid-acting preparation with a moderately long duration of action. It is active against bacteria and some viruses, fungi, and protozoa Benzalkonium solutions are bacteriostatic (slow or retard the multiplication of bacteria) or bactericidal (destroy bacteria), depending on their concentration. 

Lueders T, B Wagner, P Claus, MW Friedrich (2004a) Stable isotope probing of rRNA and DNA reveals a dynamic methylotroph community and trophic interactions with fungi and protozoa in oxic rice field soil. Environ Microbiol 6 60-72. 

The eukaryotes these include animals, plants, fungi and protozoa, the DNA of which is enclosed in a membrane-enclosed organelle (the cell nucleus). They have a cytoskeleton (a fine membrane-like network in the interior of the cell, which provides stability) and contain mitochondria. Higher plants, as well as algae, are equipped with chloroplasts for photosynthesis. 

Halquinol is a mixture of compounds obtained by the chlorination of 8-quinolinol (Fig. 6.4). It is composed of 5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol (57-74%), 5-chloro-8-quinolinol (23-40%), and 7-chloro-8-quinolinol (up to 3%). Halquinol is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. 

Cellulose Cellulose is a straight-chain polymer of glucose units linked by (31-4 bonds. The polysaccharide chains are aligned to form fibrils that have great tensile strength. Cellulases, enzymes that degrade cellulose, are absent in mammals but are produced by some bacteria, fungi and protozoa. 

A virus is interpreted to be a product containing the minute living cause of an infectious disease and includes filterable viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, fungi, and protozoa, among other things. 

The immunocytes are all involved in specific types of immune response that are generally divided into two types (1) cell-mediated, i.e., specifically sensitized T cells (derived from the thymus) which are associated with graft rejection, resistance to certain viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and delayed-type hypersensitivity and (2) humoral-mediated, i.e., B cells (bursa equivalent) which produce specific antibodies after the body is exposed to a specific antigen. 

The rumen offers an abundant and complex microbial population. It is composed of representatives of all the primary kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes), including anaerobic fungi and protozoa in addition to the better described bacteria. 

O-GlcNAcylation, on the other hand, is not further extended. There are a few other less commonly found 0-glycosylations, which one should be aware of when the samples to be analyzed are derived from lower animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa. 

A large number of type 6 cytochromes have been found in bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and isolated in partially or highly purified states. 

Structural Chemistry of Glycolipids from Fungi and Protozoa... 

The aim of this chapter is to cover general aspects of glycolipid structural diversity and more specifically the structural characterization and possible biological functions of glycosphingolipids from fungi and protozoa. 

Representatives of all the major categories of microorganisms can be found in various types of water. They include viruses, prokaryotic bacteria and cyanobacteria, and eukaryotic algae, fungi and protozoa. 

---