Fundamental Knowledge Gaps

Thus, a new science, called Conservation Science, was born. This term came into use in the 1980s and is now widely adopted the field includes both pure and applied research. Fundamental research is required specifically where knowledge gaps exist, for instance in the behaviour under natural ageing of new synthetic materials used both for restoration and for art purposes. 

Up to this point, it was considered that universities were where discoveries were made and industry was where they were put to some practical use. This separation between basic and applied work was quite prominent at this juncture and continues in many areas even today in some fields of work though the difference has decreased. But in polymers, most of the basic research was done in industry, having as its inception the decision by DuPont to bridge this unnatural gap between fundamental knowledge and application. In truth, they can be considered as the two hands of an individual, and in order to do manual work both hands are important. 

Student CD-ROM, a student tutorial resource, supports the goals of the fifth edition by helping students visualize molecular behavior and manipulate molecules in three dimensions. Animations and videos are also included. This CD is intended as a review tool for students, allowing them to brush up on basic concepts and fill in any gaps in their fundamental knowledge. 

As currently practiced risk assessment is conceptually sound, but the uncertainties are great because of gaps in fundamental knowledge. Research into underlying mechanisms of toxicity, as they bear on knowledge of dose-response relations at low dose, is critical to further advances in this field. Clearly the highly insensitive research tools we now have cannot be relied upon Indefinitely as the basis for these important public health decisions. 

Once explicitly defined and characterized, one can explore the impact of these assumptions on the eventual decision as to whether a target is worth pursuing. The decision itself, however, may not be as clear cut as a simple yes or no and may lead to the development of additional experiments to help resolve all the pertinent knowledge gaps. The transparency of the model is fundamental to the efficient development of these highly focused assays. An example of how this process has been applied at Entelos is outlined in the following case studies. 

Amundson wrote this almost 8 years ago, the situation to date is to a considerable extent different with regard to laboratory experimental results, however, on the industrial front the situation remains almost the same. It is hoped that this book with its emphasis on gearing the accumulated fundamental knowledge towards the modelling, simulation and optimization of industrial fixed bed reactors will be one step in the direction of bridging this gap between academia and industry. 

Not very much is known about the system copper-oxygen in the temperature range between room temperature and 900°C, especially, in relation to catalytic redox readions. The phase diagram as reported in the literature is based on measurements in 1929 [5]. This gap in fundamental knowledge is also a motivation for this work. 

A limited overview of the process chemistry used at these sites is presented. This paper will also attempt to bridge, at least partly, the gap between ongoing fundamental plutonium research and development and applied technology needs. We believe it is important to bridge this gap, since a continuous flow of knowledge about plutonium chemistry from academic and government laboratories to the plant is necessary and beneficial... 

The fundamental principles governing the spatial isomerism of the simple sugars and the theoretical and experimental work of Emil Fischer cannot be dealt with here. Those who are not already familiar with the subject should at once fill this gap in their knowledge they are emphatically advised to use space models. 

Despite the fundamental progress that has been made over the past decades, much research will be needed to fill major gaps in our knowledge of atmospheric chemistry. I will try to indicate some of those research areas which I consider to be of greatest interest. 

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