Functioning, Characteristics, Limitations

Problem 58 Explain the terms functioning, characteristics, limitations and components of a computer. (Meerut 2005, 04) 

The word computer comes from the word compute which means to calculate. So, normally a computer is considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed. 

Computer can be defined as an electronic machine which processes raw data to give meaningful information. In other words, the term computer is used to describe a device made up of combination of electronic and electromechanical components. 

Data Data are collection of facts, figures, statistics which can be processed to produce meaningful informations. 

Processing Processing is the manipulation of the letters, numbers or graphic symbols that constitute data. It includes calculation, comparison, decision making, logic. 

---

Although mammalian CYPs are attractive candidates for use as commercial biocatalysts, many functional characteristics limit the opportunities to exploit such a system. Association of the enzymes with membranes prevents easy extraction and purification and limits the opportunities to produce useful recombinant enzymes by cloning the relevant genes for expression in microbial systems. All P450s have a porphyrin-haem active site that requires a second protein to reduce the iron component, often cytochrome P450 reductase or... 

Machine tools Components Functionality characteristics (limitations) Mechatronics solutions... 

Mitochondria are distinct organelles with two membranes. The outer membrane limits the organelle and the inner membrane is thrown into folds or shelves that project inward and are called cristae mitochondriales. The uptake of most mitochondrion-selective dyes is dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential. Conventional fluorescent stains for mitochondria, such as rhodamine and tetramethylrosamine, are readily sequestered by functioning mitochondria. They are, however, subsequently washed out of the cells once the mitochondrion s membrane potential is lost. This characteristic limits their use in experiments in which cells must be treated with aldehyde-based fixatives or other agents that affect the energetic state of the mitochondria. To overcome this limitation, the research... 

Glycyrrhizin is 50-100 times sweeter than sucrose and has a slow onset of taste and a long aftertaste (Table 1). It exhibits a dark, sweet, woody flavor, which limits its use as a pure sweetener. Glycyrrhizin provides licorice flavor, enhances food flavors, masks bitter flavors, and increases the perceived sweetness level of sucrose. It also has the potential for providing functional characteristics, including foaming, viscosity control, gel formation, and possibly antioxidant characteristics (3,19,58). 

There are several advantages to a tunable filter system. First, it is unnecessary to have a multichannel detector (for single-point measurements), since only one wavelength is being selected at a time. The size of the detector is also much more flexible, since spectral resolution of the system is not a function of the detector and input aperture as it is in a classical monochromotor, but rather limited only by the functional characteristics of the filter. Second, since focusing and dispersive elements are minimized the spectrometer could be made very small. Third, the entire spectrum does not need to be obtained the random access nature of the filter allows only the spectral features required for a measurement to be made. This can be a significant advantage for routine measurements. 

Examination of product control charts is most useful in trying to distinguish between process-related or non-process-related causes.Trend analysis of key production parameters and attributes could assist in localizing a possible cause of the OOS. For example, if the potency of the product has been trending higher than usual for the last few batches produced (and the OOS resulted from an upper limit failure), this could be indicative of such causations as inaccurate moisture analysis or operator compensation error, error in the batch record, weighing error due to balance or scale bias, change in excipient purity which could impact functional characteristics or failure to maintain and/or calibrate apiece of equipment. 

Ancestral reconstruction of a long protein sequence can be a tedious task. Fortunately, it may not always be necessary to analyze the entire protein sequence cladistically. Functional characteristics often are thought to be determined by limited regions in a protein molecule if so, the analysis can be limited to these regions. 

Limited digestion of the globular soy proteins (Harosoy variety) with the enzyme rennin affords a modified protein preparation which retains a high molecular weight. The enzyme-modified protein is precipitated and washed with alcohol and subsequently heat-modified. A flavorless product results which is easily dispersed in water and shows excellent functional characteristics. 

To distinguish immunometric TSH assays from less sensitive RIAs, descriptive terms such as "sensitive, highly sensitive, ultrasensitive, and supersensitive have been used, generating much confusion as to the exact meaning of these terms. In 1991, a Nomenclature Committee of the American Thyroid Association recommended that the functional detection limit of serum TSH assays be determined on the basis of low-end interassay precision characteristics. Further, the committee recommended that precision at the lower reporting limit should optimally be 10% to 15% and preferably <20%. At present, functional sensitivity is defined as the lowest concentration of TSH at which an interassay coefficient of variation of 20% can be achieved. This functional detection hmit encompasses both analytical and... 

Unless material characteristics limit the gas temperature, the inlet temperature is usually fixed by the heating medium employed i.e., 400 to 450 K for steam or 800 to 1100 K for gas- and oil-fired burners. The proper exit-gas temperature is largely an economic function. Its value may be determined as follows ... 

---