Functional organic compounds nomenclature

Introduction to organic chemistry hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas. 

The cyclic forms adopted by the hexoses and pentoses can be depicted as symmetrical ring structures called Haworth projection formulae, which give a better representation of the spatial arrangement of the functional groups with respect to one another. The nomenclature is based on the simplest organic compounds exhibiting a similar five- or six-membered ring... 

The first three chapters constitute a review of bonding and an introduction to organic compounds. Functional groups are introduced. Resonance is covered extensively, and numerous examples are provided. Acid-base chemistry is discussed in Chapter 4, and this reaction is used to introduce many of the general features of reactions, including the effect of structure on reactivity. Nomenclature of all of the functional groups is covered in Chapters 5 and 12. In this edition, stereochemistry is covered in two chapters to break up the material Chapter 6 discusses cis trans isomers and conformations, and Chapter 7 addresses chiral molecules. 

Many organic compounds contain more than one functional group. When one of those functional groups is halo (X-) or alkoxy (RO-), these groups are named as substituents as described in Sections 7.2 and 9.3B. To name other polyfunctional compounds, we must learn which functional group is assigned a higher priority in the rules of nomenclature. Two steps are usually needed ... 

Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming w organic compounds. 

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, NOMENCLATURE AND DRAWING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS... 

Functional Groups, Nomenclature and Drawing Organic Compounds... 

There are a lot of organic compounds. Table 2-4 lists the numbers of isomers of just alkanes, and only goes up to 20 carbons, and already over half a million structures are possible Imagine how many more structures can be manufactured when functional groups are present, or when the molecules get larger. Obviously not all these possible structures exist in nature or have been prepared in laboratories. Nonetheless, over 80 million different compounds are known at present, and nomenclature is the language that allows anyone interested in any of these materials to communicate about them in a clear and sensible way. 

Skill 29.1 Identify the functional group classification and nomenclature of organic compounds and the general characteristics and reactions of each group. 

Chapters 12 and 14 include both common names and systematic names for organic compounds representing the various classes of hydrocarbons and functional groups. This appendix focuses on the systematic nomenclature for organic compounds, as proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAG). 

The chemical properties of these molecules can be predicted based on the reactivity of the functional groups. Although the nomenclature of the major classes of organic compounds and their properties in terms of the functional groups will not be discussed until Chapter 24, we will frequently use organic compounds as examples to illustrate chanical bonding, acid-base reactions, and other properties throughout the book. 

Functional groups are characteristic structural units by which we divide organic compounds into classes and that serve as a basis for nomenclature. They are also sites of chemical reactivity a particular functional group, in whatever compound we find it, undergoes the same types of reactions. 

The prefix "1" in Ihe name of 1-propanol indicates that the replacement of H with OH has occurred at one of Ihe "outer" carbon atoms rather tlian the "middle" carbon atom a different compound called 2-propanol (also known as isopropyl alcohol) is obtained if Ihe OH functional group is attached to the middle carbon atom. Ball-and-stick models of 1-propanol and 2-propanol are presented in Figure 2.28 . As you will learn in Cliapter 25, the nomenclature of organic compounds provides ways in which we can unambiguously define which atoms are bonded to one another. 

Organic chemistry is discussed in Chapters 23 and 24. Chapter 23 presents the classes of organic compounds, their structures and nomenclature (with major emphasis on the principal functional groups), and some fundamental classes of organic reactions. Chapter 24 presents isomerism and geometries of organic molecules, selected specific types, and an introduction to biopolymers. 

Functional groups are characteristic structural units by which we divide organic compounds into classes and that serve as a basis for nomenclature. 

Nitriles. Organic compounds that contain the -ON function are, as a group, called nitriles. The lUPAC nomenclature for this group is based on simply adding the suffix nitrile to the appropriate hydrocarbon chain name. The number of carbons used in deciding upon the appropriate hydrocarbon name includes the carbon of the nitrile itself. Examples are the following ... 

Functional groups, nomenclature and drawing organic compounds... 

In this section we will describe the structure and nomenclature of organic compounds containing functional groups. We will defer a discussion of the chemical transformations between some of them until the next chapter. As we proceed you will see how the stereochemistry that we have discussed is also applied to these molecules. 

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