Fullerenes intercalates

Rosseinsky M J 1995 Fullerene intercalation chemistry J. Mater. Chem. 5 1497... 

Rosseinsky MJ (1995) Fullerene intercalation chemistry. J Mater Chem 5 1497-1513... 

M. Pouchard, C. Cros, P. Hagenmuller et al., A brief overview on low sodium content silicides are they mainly clathrates, fullerenes, intercalation compounds or Zintl phases Solid State Sci. 4, 723-729 (2002)... 

Figure 1.18 Fullerene intercalation in other polymerfullerene systems, (a) The X-ray diffraction pattern demonstrates an expansion ofthe d-spacing ofthe pTT (gray line) upon the addition of PCsiBM (black line) and the inset shows how the PQiBIVI fits between the side chains, (b) The same situation exists for PQT as...

The formation of fullerenes and CNTs has also been affected by their environmental atmosphere [22] and, in particular, a hydrogen atmosphere plays an important role in forming graphitic structures of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) in the form of buckybundles [24]. Intercalation into MWCNTs has been difficult or impossible, because there is no space for intercalants to enter into a Russian-doll-type structure of the nanotubes. However, the buckybundles formed in the hydrogen arc discharge were found to be successfully intercalated with potassium and ferric chloride (FeCl3) without breaking the... 

M. Makha, A. Purich, C. L. Raston, A. N. Sbolev, Strucutral diversity of host-guest and intercalation complexes of fullerene C60. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 507. 

Graphite in contact with liquid potassium, rubidium or caesium at 300°C gives intercalation compounds (CgM) which ignite in air and may react explosively with water [1], Fullerene black —probably a finely divided and distorted graphite — impregnated with potassium explodes spontaneously in air [2],... 

It is very likely that PF6 occupies the Van de Waals gap between the SWNTs in a similar way than in graphite intercalation compounds [6] and in anion-doped fullerenes [7]. Because of lower surface area between... 

Fullerene showed antibacterial activity, which can be attributed to different interactions of C60 with biomolecules (Da Ros et al., 1996). In fact, there is a possibility to induce cell membrane disruption. The fullerene sphere seems not really adaptable to planar cellular surface, but for sure the hydrophobic surface can easily interact with membrane lipids and intercalate into them. However, it has been demonstrated that fullerene derivatives can inhibit bacterial growth by unpairing the respiratory chain. There is, first, a decrease of oxygen uptake at low fullerene derivative concentration, and then an increase of oxygen uptake, which is followed by an enhancement of hydrogen peroxide production. The higher concentration of C60 seems to produce an electron leak from the bacterial respiratory chain (Mashino et al., 2003). 

These examples demonstrate the well-known process of polymerization initiated by anion-radicals. Our next consideration is devoted to an unusual case of initiation. Intercalation of fullerenes by metals results in the formation of fullerene-metal derivatives. Paramagnetic metallofullerenes (anion-radicals) are the fullerenes doped with endohedral metal. According to calculations and structural studies, LaCs2, for example, contains La in the center of one hexagonal ring of the fuller-ene cage (Akasaka et al. 2000, Nishibori et al. 2000, Nomura et al. 1995). Intrafullerene electron transfer in metallofullerenes is possible (Okazaki et al. 2001). 

It was found that the intercalation of Cgo fullerene by an alkali metal in stoichiometric ratio (1 1) gives rise to the formation of anion-radical salts, namely, KC50, RbCgg, and CsCgo (Bommeli et al. 1995, Btouet et al. 1996). On slow cooling of the intercalation products, [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the fullerene species that is neighboring a crystal lattice occurs. Linear chain fullerenic polymers are formed. These polymers are stable in air, insoluble in THF, and possess metallic conductivity. They depolymerize only on heating above 320°C. 

In solid-state NMR [1,51-64], the magnetic coupling between the fullerene anions has to be taken into accoimt. In the case of metal intercalated fullerides that have metallic properties a contribution from the conduction electrons must be added, a phenomenon called the Knight shift . Even if this additional shift affects the C-chemical resonance, the correspondence between extended and discrete systems of comparable Cjq oxidation state is quite close [1]. 

Molybdenum(VI) fluoride will insert into graphite to give8,29 nominal C5MoF6 and other compositions, and with fullerene C60 it forms30 an intercalation compound in which some oxidation process has occurred since the molybdenum exists as a molybdenum(V) fluoride species. 

Tungsten(VI) fluoride does not intercalate into graphite.29 but it does seem to react in some way46 with fullerenes C60/C70, but not as a fluorinating agent. 

The development of new porous materials that could be used as adsorbents, catalysts, catalyst supports, molecular sieves, etc. [1], are very well discussed by several authors [2-9], describing interesting properties and characteristics of materials such as MCM-41, MCM-48, M41S, FSM16, lamellar phases, intercalation products, special CMS (carbon molecular sieves), fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, etc. being some of them silica based materials, and carbon based the others. 

---