Fuels syngas

Partial oxidation of coal to form either synthetic fuel, syngas, or synthetic natural gas represents a potential use of oxygen (see Fuels, synthetic). 

GTL [Gas To Liquids] A general term for processes that convert natural gas to liquid fuels. Syngas is usually an intermediate. The first such plant was that of Sasol in South Africa. See also GTSC, SPD, Syntroleum. 

Lignin (hlack liquor) gasification (Figure 7.8) converts it to a gaseous fuel (syngas) when carried out at high temperature with or without partial oxidation. In addition to syngas, the gas stream contains water vapor, carbon... 

Strelzoff, S. (1974), Partial oxidation for syngas and fuel (comparaison des precedes Texaco, Shell et Union Carbide) . Hydrocarbon processing, Vol. 53, No. 12, p. 79. 

Gasification. Gasification converts soHd fuel, tars, and oils to gaseous products such as CO, H2, and CH that can be burned direcdy or used in synthesis gas (syngas) mixtures, ie, CO and mixtures for production of Hquid fuels and other chemicals (47,48) (see Coal conversion processes, gasification Euels, synthetic-gaseous fuel Hydrogen). 

C -Chemisty. A great deal of research has been undertaken on the development of PGM catalysts for the manufacture of chemicals and fuels from syngas, a mixture of CO and H2 obtained from coal gasification (see Coal conversion processes). 

Whereas near-term appHcation of coal gasification is expected to be in the production of electricity through combined cycle power generation systems, longer term appHcations show considerable potential for producing chemicals from coal using syngas chemistry (45). Products could include ammonia, methanol, synthetic natural gas, and conventional transportation fuels. 

There are two main schemes proposed for sequestration of carbon dioxide. The first (referred to as a chemical absorption process), suitable for use at low pressures and temperatures, is usually adopted where the CO2 is to be removed from exhaust flue gases. The second (usually referred to as a physical absorption process), for use at higher pressures, is recommended for separation of the CO2 in syngas obtained from conversion of fuel. 

There is a need to seek an environmentally benign, technically feasible and economical alternative fuel because of the limited crude oil reserves and serious pollution all over the world. Recently, dimethyl ether (DME) is proved to be used as an alternative clean fuel in transportation, power generation and household use for its excellent behavior in compression ignition for combustion, cetane number of over 55 and zero sulfur content, and is praised as a super-clean fuel in the 21 century. It has a promising foreground of application. Therefore, the efficient synthesis of DME from syngas derived from natural gas, coal or biomass has drawn much attention. 

In pre-combustion C02 capture, C02 separation occurs prior to fuel combustion and power generation (Figure 5). The fuel reacts at high temperature and pressure with either oxygen or/ and steam under sub-stoichiometric conditions, and thereby a gas stream primarily composed of CO and H2 is obtained. This CO/H2 gas mixture is commonly known as synthesis gas or syngas. 

Industrially, transformation of syngas is normally carried out using Fisher-Tropsch (FT) method which utilizes either Fe or Co based catalysts to obtain useful fuels and chemicals. For wider applications, the usage of a support for these catalysts... 

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