Fueling, hydrogen

Gasification. Gasification converts soHd fuel, tars, and oils to gaseous products such as CO, H2, and CH that can be burned direcdy or used in synthesis gas (syngas) mixtures, ie, CO and mixtures for production of Hquid fuels and other chemicals (47,48) (see Coal conversion processes, gasification Euels, synthetic-gaseous fuel Hydrogen). 

Fig. 3. Theoretical mole percent of the principal combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels for fuel hydrogen carbon ratios from 1, eg, to 4, eg, CH, ...

Under the National Energy PoHcy Act of 1992 nonpetroleum-based transportation fuels are to be introduced in the United States. Such fuels include natural gas (see Gas, natural), Hquefied petroleum gas (qv) (LPG), methanol (qv), ethanol (qv), and hydrogen (qv), although hydrogen fuels are not expected to be a factor until after the year 2000 (see also Alcohol fuels Hydrogen energy). 

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices transforming the heat of combustion of a fuel (hydrogen, natural gas, methanol, ethanol, hydrocarbons, etc.) directly into electricity. The fuel is electrochemically oxidized at the anode, whereas the oxidant (oxygen from the air) is reduced at the cathode. This process does not follow Carnot s theorem, so that higher energy efficiencies are expected up to 40-50% in electrical energy and 80-85% in total energy (heat production in addition to electricity). 

CHO+, which reacts with water formed in the flame to form H30+, allowing a measurable electrical current to flow across an electrode gap. A schematic representation of an FID is shown in Fig. 14.7, showing the fuel and oxidant flows, flame tip, location of the flame and collector electrode. Like the carrier gas, the fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (air) gases must be highly pure and carefully flow controlled. For each GC, the manufacturer provides recommendations. 

Fuel Gas Piping. The following are specific provisions applicable to compressor station fuel hydrogen gas piping only ... 

Ritchey, S. (2008). The Role of Hydrogen in Oil Refining and Implications for Fueling Hydrogen Vehicles. Master s thesis, University of California, Davis. 

Werner Weindorf received his Engineering Degree in Physics at the Munich University of Applied Sciences. He has been with Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik since January 1999 as technology and policy consultant. His major activities are life-cycle analysis (LCA) and technoeconomic analysis of alternative and conventional fuels, hydrogen infrastructure and renewable energies. 

Keywords extraction, oxidation, fuels, hydrogen peroxide... 

Fuel Hydrogen for PAFC power plants will typically be produced from conversion of a wide variety of primary fuels such as CH4 (e.g., natural gas), petroleum products (e.g., naphtha), coal liquids (e.g., CH3OH) or coal gases. Besides H2, CO and CO2 are also produced during conversion of these fuels (unreacted hydrocarbons are also present). These reformed fuels contain low levels of CO (after steam reforming and shift conversion reactions in the fuel processor) which cause anode poisoning in PAFCs. The CO2 and unreacted hydrocarbons (e.g., CH4) are electrochemically inert and act as diluents. Because the anode reaction is nearly reversible, the fuel... 

Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, clean-burning fuel. Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid, and it also has properties that make it suitable as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. 

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