Fuel processing transport process

Many authors mention the use of micro reactors for fuel processing as one of the most promising fields [1,104]. Wegeng et al. point at using this micro-fuel processing for transportation [Ij. The placement of reformers imder the hood of an automobile for converting liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen is explicitly mentioned. 

Development of Alternate Fuels for Transportation, Electrical Power Generation and various Industrial Processes (e.g., biodiesel from renewable sources such as vegetable oils). 

Figure 2.13 did not include all the biomass conversion processes discussed above. It only considered those that produce transportation fuels. The processes that convert bio-feedstock into biocrude or electricity could not be included because their products have a different value than the transportation fuels. Such a comparison can be attempted by displaying the total manufacturing cost of biobased products in a graph that shows typical relationships between the price of crude and that its derivatives, i.e., of fuel oil, transportation fuel and electricity. This has been done in Fig. 2.14 for the lignocellulose conversion processes. 

Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids and is produced from vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol (Fig. 10.1). For every three moles of methyl esters one mole of glycerol is produced as a by-product, which is roughly 10 wt.% of the total product. Transesterification is usually catalyzed with base catalysts but there are also processes with acid catalysts. The base catalysts are the hydroxides and alkoxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals. The acid catalysts are hydrochloride, sulfuric or sulfonic acid. Some metal-based catalysts can also be exploited, such as titanium alcoholates or oxides of tin, magnesium and zinc. All these catalyst acts as homogeneous catalysts and need to be removed from the product [16, 17]. The advantages of biodiesel as fuel are transportability, heat content (80% of diesel fuel), ready availability and renewability. The... 

When hydrogen is supplied directly to the fuel cell, as may be the case in transportation systems, the fuel processing section is no more than a storage and delivery system. However, in most... 

Advances in Fuel Processing for PEFC Systems for Transport," R. Dams, P. Hayter, and S. Moore, Wellman CJB Ltd., Pg. 238, Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts, Courtesy Associates, Inc., November 1998. 

Ministries of Economic Affairs Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment Transportation. Shell Fuel processing. Refuelling, Traction (CVB CUTE). 

Yuan, J. and Sunden, B. Analysis of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Transport Processes and Performance, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 127,1380 (2005). 

Teagan, W. P., Bentley, J., Barnett, B., Cost reductions of fuel cells for transport applications fuel processing options,... 

High temperature reactors to possibly extend the nuclear production to the supply of process heat to the industry, especially for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels for transportation. 

J. D. Carter, et al., Fuel processing for fuel cell systems in transportation and portable power applications. Catalysis Today, 2002, 77, 3-16. 

Ethanol is a natural renewable product normally produced from biomass, which is an important factor for near-zero carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. It is accessible, easy to transport, ecofriendly, nontoxic, and it can be transformed by catalytic reactions into hydrogen, which is important for fuel cell fuel processing [151], Section 9.8.10 discusses different processes for hydrogen production by the steam-reforming of ethanol. 

The chemistry of combustion and fuels processing may be characterized as shown in Fig. 1. The processes typically occur at high temperatures and involve gas-phase as well as gas-solid and liquid-phase reactions. The chemistry is often influenced by transport phenomena. While physics, applied... 

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