Material fuel equivalent

Table 7.6 Material fuel equivalent (MFE) for production of secondary metals.

Kellogg (1974), reported in Rankin Wright, op at p 186. The comparison is made in terms of material fuel equivalent (MFE) for both processes, which takes into account direct and indirect fuel use, the use of surplus heat, and the fuel equivalent of saleable by-products for each processing stage. 

Energy requirements to produce metal alloys and plastics. For plastics the ettergy required to manufeicture the plastic is shown separately from the fuel equivalent of the raw material. 

Fuel type/ Case cladding number material Fuel power density (maximum) (MW/m ) Core power density (MW/m3) Mass flow per channel (kg/sec) Coolant oudet temperature (K) Cladding surface temperature (K) Maximum fuel temperature (K) Reactor power (MW) Equivalent core diameter (m) Elevation between heat exchanger and core (m)... 

Several parameters come into the relation between density and equivalence ratio. Generally, the variations act in the following sense a too-dense motor fuel results in too lean a mixture causing a potential unstable operation a motor fuel that is too light causes a rich mixture that generates greater pollution from unburned material. These problems are usually minimized by the widespread use of closed loop fuel-air ratio control systems installed on new vehicles with catalytic converters. 

X 10 Btu/short ton), the solar energy trapped in 17.9 x 10 t of biomass, or about 8 x 10 t of biomass carbon, would be equivalent to the world s fossil fuel consumption in 1990 of 286 x 10 J. It is estimated that 77 x 10 t of carbon, or 171 x 10 t of biomass equivalent, most of it wild and not controlled, is fixed on the earth each year. Biomass should therefore be considered as a raw material for conversion to large suppHes of renewable substitute fossil fuels. Under controlled conditions dedicated biomass crops could be grown specifically for energy appHcations. 

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