Energy requirements fuel equivalent

The Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) in California requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell to the California market meets, on average, a declining standard for GHG emissions measured in C02-equivalent gram per unit of fuel energy sold. By 2020, the LCFS will produce a 10% reduction in the carbon content of all passenger vehicle fuels sold in California. 

Energy Requirements. The production of dimer acids is quite energy-intensive. A standard operation sequence normally results in the expenditure of about 18.6 MJ (17.600 Btu) (equivalent to 0.67 kg coal or 0.33 kg natural gas of fuel oil) to produce each kg of crude dimer and to separate it into monomer, dimer, and trimer. 

The calculation of fossil fuel equivalents for electric energy was based on a generation efficiency of 34% (10,000 Btu of fossil fuel energy required to generate 1 kwh of electricity.)... 

Table II shows the evolution of energy requirements for the production of corn in the United States between 1950 and 1975. Total energy consumption per acre including the energy for fuel, fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, manpower, etc., but not including energy for the manufacture of the farm machinery, increased from 3.8 million Btu s per acre in 1975 to 10.51 million Btu s per acre in 1975 (a factor of 2.8). The yield per acre in turn increased from 38 bushels per acre to 86 bushels per acre or a factor of about 2.3. During this same period, the energy consumed per bushel of corn increased only 22.2%. In all cases, the energy consumption expressed as equivalent gallons of oil consumed per bushel of corn was less than 1.

Table IV. Energy and fossil fuel equivalents (FEE) required in the production of PS versus PHA...

Energy requirements to produce metal alloys and plastics. For plastics the ettergy required to manufeicture the plastic is shown separately from the fuel equivalent of the raw material. 

In most cases, Qf ei is calculated based on the lower heating value of fuel. G,- is quantified in different units according to specifications in the marketplace, namely, Btu/h for fuel, Ib/h for steam, and kWh for power. Thus, specific FE factors can be developed as follows based on this general definition of fuel equivalent. Energy are required for making boiler feed water (BFW), condensate and cooling water. The FE factors for these utilities will be discussed in Chapter 3. 

MJ/kWh heat energy equivalent The electric power heat energy equivalent is the typical fuel heat energy required to generate 1 kWh of electrical energy. 

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