Fuel costs summary

The Venturi Thermal Oxidizer does not destroy inorganic contaminants. Fumes with a dew point over 120°F should be cooled, condensed, and moisture separated to minimize fuel costs. The system may not be cost effective for contaminant waste streams with low lower explosive limit fume streams. Information in this summary is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

TABLE 2 1993 Gasification Plant Cost Summary (Using Pittsburgh 8 Coal for Fuel)... 

Summary of Homogeneous Reactor Fuel-Cost Calculations... 

There are currently several projects in the distributed generation market underway with various fuel cell developers and utility companies. These projects are helping to drive costs down and bring the fuel cells closer to commercialization. Below is a summary of some of the projects, taken from reference (25). 

The ultimate goal of any diagnostic technique is to improve the design of PEM fuel cells to achieve the desired performance, durability, reliability, and cost. Thus far most species distribution research has focused on technique development and verification. A summary of the previously presented techniques is shown in Table 1. However, as the techniques continue to mature, they are providing increasing insight into improved fuel cell designs. 

Bechtel Corporation, California Fuel Methanol Cost Stud Chevron Corporation, U.S., Vol. 1 (Executive Summary, Jan. 1989) Vol. 2, (Final Report, Dec. 1988), San Francisco, Calif., 1988-1989. 

In summary, the total cost per kilogram for transporting hydrogen is the total annual capital, fuel, and labor costs, dividled by the annual production rate. 

U.S. Bureau of Mines — Mineral Industry Survey — Fuel Qil Sales Annual, Federal Power Commission — Annual Summary of Cost and Quality of Steam — Electric Plant Fuels... 

Information on F-T plant construction and operating costs has come from two main sources captured German synthetic fuel documents and their summaries and interrogation of... 

Table A3.C contains a summary of the total cost in Ah/h for two alternate provisions for experimental holes. This table shows the change in Ab/k that would be expected if the holes in these two cases should be filled with water. An estimate of the cost of the holes in terms of critical mass can, be obtained by use of the empirical relation Atf/lf =4.5 Afc/h. However, this relation leads to a reasonably accurate result only in the case of fuel AH added to the periphery of a cylindrical core. In the case of a rectangular geometry, the cost in critical mass (All) corresponding to a given Ak will depend strongly on the statistical weight of the position at which the additional fuel is added, and the figure obtained from 4.5 Ak/k is a reasonable approximation only for positions of average statistical weight.

In summary, conversion of waste particle board and plywood directly to levulinate and formate esters utilizes waste that represents a disposal problem in a process that generates easily purified products with minimal wastewater. Commercialization of this process depends on market values for levulinate esters that are typical of chemical intermediates for resins and coatings. New challenges are presented in finding ester reactions and subsequent purification steps that lead to low-cost derivatives that will be useful for these industries. The economics may also be favorable for producing ester fuel additives with no purification required. 

In summary, the RDE results indicate that ORR kinetics obtained on Pd/C and Ag/C catalysts were comparable to that on Pt/C, with reactions primarily through a 4e ORR pathway but with 50-100 mV larger overpotentials. However, Pd oxidization at fuel cell cathode working potentials can be a hindrance for its practical application in AEMFCs. Balancing cost, performance, and durability, Ag/C catalysts have been identified by several research groups as the preferred cathode catalysts to replace Pt/C for AEMFC applications. The performance of Ag/C catalysts as compared with Pt/C catalysts in AEMFCs is presented here. 

In summary, Pt monolayer catalysts show a promising pathway toward solving one of the major problems facing PEM fuel cells by enhancing the Pt-specific activity and the utilization of Pt atoms, and therefore reducing the cost of the cathode catalyst, although more fuel cell tests of durability are needed before the monolayer catalysts can be put in fuel cell vehicles. There is still a need for a reduction in the total noble metals in these catalysts. 

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