Fudge

Crystalline dextrose has a positive heat of solution, i.e. heat is absorbed, and this produces a marked cooling effect which goes well with a peppermint flavour, but one which is not appreciated in other flavours. In the UK, dextrose fondants are not particularly attractive economically, but they can be in some other countries. After the fondant has been made the crystals undergo Ostwald ripening, which is the tendency of crystals to change with time. In response to small temperature variations the smallest crystals re-dissolve and the largest crystals grow. 

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There is a fundamental difference between such scientific controversies and what simply can be called scientific fraud, i.e., deliberate falsification or fudging of data. Sloppy experimental work or data keeping can also lead to questionable or incorrect conclusions, and, although these violate established scientific standards and must be corrected (as they will), they do not necessarily represent deliberate fraud. In all this, the professor has a strict personal responsibility. As he/she is getting most of the recognition for the accomplishment of the research, it is only natural that he/she must also shoulder the responsibility for any mistakes, errors, or even falsifications. It is not accepta-... 

The concept of the "fudge factor" was introduced by Golay to describe such constants as (X), (y), (co) and (q) used by Van Deemter, Giddings and others in the... 

The contiguity factor, Cj is actually a so-called fudge factor used to make sense out of the comparison of experimental dataTwitlirtheore-tical predictions. This correlation factor is useful only when the data fall between the theoretical bounds. The concept of a contiguity factor, i.e.. 

Fudge factors built into internal support group estimates. 

In order to obviate any suggestion of fudging the historical data to fit our favoured interpretation, it seems best to quote the citation in full ... 

At the end of the 1995/1996 school year, the schoois mentoring scheme was evaiuated, partiy externaiiy, and fudged to have been a success in terms of assisting students, deveioping BT peopie and PR. From three schoois and 70 mentors, we expanded the next year to eight schoois and 198 mentors. 

This balance is not quite satisfied by the experimental data, so an adjustment is needed. Define material balance fudge factors by... 

The frozen fudge bar-on-a-stick is a quiescently frozen mix, high in serum solids and sugar. Because this product is most often frozen without agitation, it is necessary to incorporate protective water-binding hydrocolloids to induce the formation of small ice crystals and a well-bodied, smooth, chewy confec-... 

Food-web and trophic dynamics. Organisms at the base of aquatic food webs play a key role in the transfer of MeHg to npper trophic levels (Jackson and Harvey 1993 Plomde etal. 1997 Tremblay and Lucotte 1997 Bodaly and Fudge 1999). Within a given water body, interarmual... 

Bodaly RA, Fudge RJP. 1999. Uptake of mercury by fish in an experimental boreal reservoir. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37 103-109. 

Bodaly RA, Hecky RE, Fudge RJP. 1984. Increases in fish mercury levels in lakes flooded by the Churchill River diversion, northern Manitoba. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41 682-691. 

Bodaly RA, Rudd JWM, Fudge RJP, Kelly CA. 1993. Mercury concentrations in fish related to size of remote Canadian shield lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50 980-987. 

Bodaly RA, St. Louis VL, Paterson MJ, Fudge RJP, Hall BD, Rosenberg DM, Rudd JWM. 1997. Bioaccumulation of mercury in the aquatic food chain in newly flooded areas. In Sigel A, Sigel H, editors, Metal ions in biological systems, Vol. 34 Mercury and its effects on environment and biology. New York (NY) Marcel Dekker Inc., p. 259-287. 

HaU BD, Bodaly RA, Fudge RJP, Rudd JWM, Rosenberg DM. 1997. Food as the dominant pathway of methyhnercury uptake by fish. Water Air Soil Pollut 100 13-24. 

Kidd KA, Hesslein RH, Fudge RJP, Hallard KA. 1995. The influence of trophic level as measured by 5 N on mercury concentrations in freshwater oiganisms. Water Air Soil Pollut 80 1011-1015. 

Latif MA, Bodaly RA, Johnston TA, Fudge RJP. 2001. Effects of environmental and maternally derived methylmercury on the embryonic and larval stages of walleye (Stizoste-dion vitreum). Environ Pollut 111 139-148. 

Westfall, Richard S. Newton and the fudge factor. Science 179 (1973) 751-758. 

The most common answer to this question is that the researchers fudge the data - that the doctors who assess the patients levels of depression rate them as being more depressed than they actually are, so that they will qualify to be enrolled in the trial. It can be difficult to find enough patients for a clinical trial, and the doctors may be paid for each patient they enrol. So they can be under considerable pressure to qualify as many patients as they can. 

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