Fructose as carbon source

Lysine Glucose Comparative metabolic flux analysis on glucose and fructose as carbon source [110]... 

As can be seen from Table I, pyruvate and lactate at 1% resulted in the highest yield of 2-methoxy-3-isopropyl pyrazine. At the 2% level these substrates resulted in a decrease of approximately 30% in the amount of pyrazine with a much greater drop at 0.2% and 0.5% levels. This is in contrast to glucose and fructose as carbon source where the amount of pyrazine synthesized was inversely related to the initial concentration of sugar in the media. Sodium acetate yielded about 20 ng/mL which is impressive considering that the cell numbers were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than that found... 

Kojic acid is 2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-Y-pyrone, an excellent free-radical scavenger. It is usually produced by solid-state fermentation of starchy substrate by Aspergillus species. Media containing simple sugars such as glucose, sucrose, or fructose as carbon source... 

Gluconobacter can utilize sugar alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, or glycerol) or hexoses (glucose or fructose) as carbon sources. Acids are formed from propanol, butanol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, arabinose, ribose, fructose, galactose, mannose, and maltose by a majority of strains (De Ley and Swings, 1984). 

The range of carbohydrate utilisation differs between different insect cell lines. Glucose, fructose and maltose can be used individually as carbon sources in Sf9 cell cultures [42]. 

Usually, glucose and sucrose are used as carbon sources for cellulose production, although other carbohydrates such as fructose, maltose, xylose, starch and glycerol have also been tried. The effect of initial glucose concentration on cellulose production is also important, since the formation of gluconic acid as a byproduct in the medium decreases the pH of the culture and ultimately decreases the production of cellulose. Cellulose yields at initial glucose concentrations of 6, 12, 24 and 48 g/L were studied, and the consumption of glucose was found to be 100, 100, 68 and 28 % of the initial concentration, respectively [14]. 

The cyanobacterial strain used was obtained from CCAP as Anabaena flos-aquae 1403/13a and is the same as Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. It was grown at 32-35 C under continuous illumination in a nitrogen-free medium (BG-llo) or an iron-limited variant of BG-llo from which citrate and EDTA were omitted. Iron-limited medium contained either 0.2 pM or 2.0 liM added FeCla. Fructose (10 mM) was added as carbon source. Growth kinetics were measured using 50 ml volumes of culture in 100 ml shaken flasks. Cyanobacteria for the purification of siderophore were grown in 300 ml batches in 1000 ml flasks. Growth was routinely measured by apparent absorbance at 550 nm and converted to cell carbon using a separate calibration curve for each iron concentration. 

C. (2002) Influence of glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon sources on kinetics and stoichiometry of lysine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Ind. Microbiol Biotechnol, 28, 338 -343. 

In comparison to the homofermentative processes, within the heterofermentative route, glucose is not converted by the glycolysis pathway but by the pentose phosphate pathway. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-aldolase and triosephosphate isom-erase are not involved. The microorganisms are adapted to the utilization of pentoses as carbon source and in addition convert hexoses like glucose via this route. These pentoses are found when degrading plant material and are mainly xylose, ribose, or arabinose. They are converted via xylulose-5-phosphate which is converted to acetyl-phosphate and glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate. Afterward,... 

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