Anhydrides, synthesis from

F ure II.I-I Growth curves of reactor capacity in ammonia and phthalic anhydride synthesis from Froment [148] data from [l]and[6]). 

G. Centi, F. Trifiro, J. R. Ebner, and V. M. Franchetti, Medianistic aspects of maleic anhydride synthesis from C4 hydrocarbons over phosphorus vanadium oxide. Chemical Reviews, vol. 88, pp. 55-80,1988. 

Table 1.4 Potential for Improved Process Efficiency of Maleic Anhydride Synthesis from Butane...

Centi, G., Trifiro, F., Ebner, J., etal. (1988). Mechanistic Aspects of Maleic Anhydride Synthesis from C4 Hydrocarbons over Phosphorus Vanadium Oxide, Chem. Rev., 88, pp. 55-80. 

Centi G., Manenti I., Riva A. and Trifiro F. (1984). The ehemistry of catalysts based on vanadium-phosphorus oxides Note HI Catalytic hehaviour of different phases in 1-butene oxidation to maleic anhydride, AppL Catal., 9, pp. 177-190 Centi G., Trifiro F., Ebner J.R. and Franchetti V.M. (1988). Mechanistie aspects of maleic anhydride synthesis from C4 hydrocarbons over phosphorus vanadium oxide, Chem. Rev., 88, pp. 55-80. 

Alkylidene lactones, MA in synthesis, 231 Alkylmagnesium bromide dialkyl fumarate adducts, 234 dialkyl maleate adducts, 234 Alkylmaleic anhydride, synthesis from alkenylsuccinic anhydride, 175 Alkyl malonates... 

Homofolic acid, 5,11-methenyl-tetrahydro-biological activity, 3, 327 Homofolic acid, tetrahydro-biological activity, 3, 327 Homoisoflavanones occurrence, 3, 722 thermoisomerization, 3, 722 thermolysis, 3, 728 Homolytic reactions heterocyclic compounds reviews, 1, 74 Homophthalic acid isocoumarins synthesis from, 3, 830 synthesis, 3, 830 Homophthalic anhydride isochroman-l-one synthesis from, 3, 860 20a-Homoporphyrin nomenclature, 1, 30 Homopterocarpin isolation, 4, 998 ( )- D- Homotestosterone synthesis, 1, 453 Homer-Emmons reaction chromene synthesis by, 3, 749 Hortiacine isolation, 3, 149 Hortiamine isolation, 3, 149... 

The substance represented by formula (IV), viz., 4-hydroxy-3-allyl-3 4-dihydroqviinazoline, m.p. 130°, was synthesised by Reynolds and Robinson, and proved to be different from vasicine. Spath and Kuffner established the identity of the degradation product (V), upon which formula (IV) for vasicine was chiefly based by synthesis from isatoic anhydride, which, on treatment with glycine ester hydrochloride and sodium meth-oxide, gave the substituted Wppuric acid (VI), and this, on heating with... 

It IS by a similar process that alizaiin has been synthesised w ith the oliject of ascertaining its constitution (see Notes on Prep. 110, p. 316), When two molecules of phenol and one molecule of phthalic anhydride are heated together with cone, sulphuric acid, then phenolphthalein is formed (Baeyei). Its constitution has been determined by its synthesis from phthalyl chloride and benzene by means of the Friedel-Crafts leaction (see Notes on Piep. 100, p. 309). Phthalyl chloride and benzene yield in presence of AlCl., phthalophenone. 

Tractable polymers can be prepared when amino and anhydride functions are not located on the same aromatic ring, and different strategies were employed to obtain soluble polymer. AB benzhydrol imide was prepared by polycondensation of 4-(3-amino-l-hydroxymethylene) phtlialic acid monomethyl ester in NMP. The polymer soluble in NMP has been used as adhesive and coating.56 A second approach was based on an ether imide structure. AB aminophenylether phthalic acids (Fig. 5.34) were prepared by a multistep synthesis from bisphenols.155 The products are stable as hydrochloride, and the polycondensation takes place by activation with triphenylphosphite. The polymers are soluble in an aprotic polar... 

Acid anhydride-diol reaction, 65 Acid anhydride-epoxy reaction, 85 Acid binders, 155, 157 Acid catalysis, of PET, 548-549 Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of nylon-6, 567-568 of nylon-6,6, 568 Acid chloride, poly(p-benzamide) synthesis from, 188-189 Acid chloride-alcohol reaction, 75-77 Acid chloride-alkali metal diphenol salt interfacial reactions, 77 Acid chloride polymerization, of polyamides, 155-157 Acid chloride-terminated polyesters, reaction with hydroxy-terminated polyethers, 89 Acid-etch tests, 245 Acid number, 94 Acidolysis, 74 of nylon-6,6, 568... 

Cinnamic acid synthesis from aryl aldehyde and acetic anhydride. 

Structurally similar photochromic maleic anhydride derivatives 177 with a similar reaction mechanism were prepared by Irie (05CL64) by a one-pot synthesis from 2-methoxybenzothiophene, oxalyl chloride, and pentene-3-carboxylic acid (3-pentenoic acid) in dichloromethane in the presence of triethylamine at 5°C for 2 h according to Scheme 54. 

The use of mixed anhydrides derived from Al-acyl-a-amino acids has become an interesting strategy for synthesis of saturated 5(4//)-oxazolones 101 (Scheme 7.26). For example, reaction of Al-acyl-a-amino acids with methyl chloroformate in the presence of Al-methylmorpholine affords racemic 5(47/)-oxazolones. 

Production. Coumarin is currently produced by Perkin synthesis from salicyl-aldehyde. In the presence of sodium acetate, salicylaldehyde reacts with acetic anhydride to produce coumarin and acetic acid. The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase at elevated temperature. 

SYNTHESIS (from indoleacetone) To a solution of 1.55 g NaOAc in 5 mL acetic anhydride there was added 2.0 g 3-indoleacetic acid and the mixture was heated at 135-140 °C for 18 h. Removal of all volatiles on the rotary evaporator under vacuum produced a pale yellow residue that was the 1-acetylindole-3-acetone. This was dissolved in MeOH to which 0.93 g MeONa was added, and the solution held a reflux several hours. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was suspended in H20 and extracted with several portions of Et20. These extracts were pooled, and removal of the solvent under vacuum gave 0.41 g (21%) indole-3-acetone as a white solid, mp 115-117 °C. MS (in m/z) indolemethylene+ 130 (100%) parent ion 173 (16%). IR (in cm-1) 691,753,761,780. 1017, 1110, 1172, and a broad C=0 at 1710. 

Methyl anthraquinone has been obtained by the oxidation of /3-methyl anthracene by several investigators 1 and material of the same origin, obtained by the benzene-extraction of crude commercial anthraquinone,2 has been fully described. As regards the synthesis from phthalic anhydride and toluene, both the preparation and properties of />-toluyl-o-benzoic acid 3 and the complete synthesis 4 have been the subject of several papers. This acid has also been prepared from o-carbomethoxy benzoyl chloride and toluene.5 The phthalic anhydride synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives in general has received considerable attention. An account of this work, together with extensive references, is given by Barnett.6... 

Acetic acid, (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxy)-as herbicide, 2, 513 Acetic formic anhydride chromone synthesis from, 3, 820 Acetoacetic acid ethyl ester... 

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