French predictive models

In the French predictive models, one for design, RCC-M Code (RCCM, 2002), Appendix ZG, and one for surveillance, RSEM Code (RSEM,2007), the effects of Cu, P and O (E 1 MeV) are included Ni is also included in the surveillance predictive model. Both models use T4U temperature as the shift parameter. The design model has a margin built in the correlation, while the surveillance model is a mean predictive model. A new correlation has recently been presented for the French data (Todeschini et ai, 2010). 

The Japanese model in JEAC 4201 (JEAC, 2007) involves an updated two-mechanism model using rate theory and measured microstructure characteristics (Soneda et ai, 2010). The new model provides mean predictions for CVN energy T41, transition temperature shift using a model with coefficients optimized using the most recent complete set of Japanese surveillance data. 

With the alternative indexing parameter RTt, surveillance capsule Charpy specimens can be used by fatigue pre-cracking the V-notch specimen 

The attenuation (decrease) of neutron flux and fluence though the RPV wall results in a decrease in the embrittlement of the material and is 

Operating hmit curves for normal plant operation are developed using approximately the same deterministic methodology in all countries. Key features that must be dehned are  

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Still, even at the level of detail presented in Figure 3-2, the hierarchical model is insufficient to predict specific outcomes in specific situations. However, it is sufficient to demonstrate the role and potential impact of various factors in both crash prevention and crash occurrence. To be useful as a predictive model for specific situations, quantitative data has to be fed into the various functions. Work in this direction is currently under way by the French National Institute for Transport and Safety (INRETS) (Keith et al., 2005). 

For several years, the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has developed modelling tools for ultrasonic NDT configurations. Implemented within the CIVA software for multiple technique NDT data acquisition and processing [1,2], these models are not only devoted to laboratory uses but also dedicated to ultrasonic operators without special training in simulation techniques. This approach has led us to develop approximate models carrying out the compromise between as accurate as possible quantitative predictions and simplicity, speed and intensive use in an industrial context. 

French physicist, P. G. DeGennes, were responsible, in part for his achieving the Nobel prize in physics in 1991), there are still many open issues in modeling the microdynamics of entangled polymers, and we are only now approaching constitutive models that can be used for fluid mechanics predictions.37... 

The development in celestial mechanics after Newton was largely in the hands of the French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827). The stability of the solar system was the major unsolved problem. Neither Kepler s laws nor Newton s mechanics could be applied successfully to more than a single orbit at a time. The imiversal law of gravitation must clearly apply to any pair of celestial bodies and with several planets and moons circling the sun it is inevitable that mutual perturbations of the predicted perfect elliptical orbits should occur. Newton himself could never precisely model not even the lunar motion and concluded that divine intervention was periodically necessary to maintain the equilibrium of the solar system. 

A sound wave is manifested as one kind of the atmospheric normal modes, known as the acoustic mode, and is caused by the compressibility of air. There are two more kinds One is called the gravity-inertia mode, which is caused by a combinations of the restitutive force of gravity against thermally stable atmospheric stratification and the Coriolis force due to the earth s rotation. The other kind is called the rotational or planetary mode, which is caused by the meridional variation of the Coriolis force. The importance of the latter kind of normal mode as a prototype of upper tropospheric large-scale disturbances was clarified by C. -G. Rossby and his collaborators a little over one decade prior to the dawn of the numerical prediction era (see Section I). In retrospect, the very natrrre of this discovery was hidden in complicated calcnlations for the normal modes of the global atmospheric model. The mathematical analysis was initiated by the French mathematician Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827), and the complete solntions became clear only with the aid of electronic compnters. It is remarkable that Rossby was able to capture the essence of this important type of wave motion, now referred to as the Rossby wave, from a simple hydrodynamic principle of the conservation of the absolute vorticity that is expressed by the sum of the vertical component of the relative vorticity and the planetary vorticify /. 

A speed limit decrease generally induces a decrease in the road injury and fatality accident count. This chapter presents a method for the ex-ante assessment of such a decrease and its application on a French motorway network. Some results on the calibration and the use of relationships linking traffic density or speed to accident counts are given. The envisaged decrease in the speed limit by 20 km/h should lead to a 1.9% decrease in the accident count with the current compliance and to a 3% decrease with full compliance. These figures are a trade-off between a null trend for certain accidents (due to driver or vehicle failure), a decrease in accidents linked to speed and an increase in accidents linked to a high density. However, this prediction is very sensitive to the traffic and safety models, to their calibration and to the conditions of their use. 

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