Stratification atmospheric

The energy of large and medium-size eddies can be characterized by the turbulent diffusion coefficient. A, m-/s. This parameter is similar to the parameter used by Richardson to describe turbulent diffusion of clouds in the atmosphere. Turbulent diffusion affects heat and mass transfer between different zones in the room, and thus affects temperature and contaminant distribution in the room (e.g., temperature and contaminant stratification along the room height—see Chapter 8). Also, the turbulent diffusion coefficient is used in local exhaust design (Section 7.6). 

Figure 7.96 illustrates typical flow patterns for wind directly approaching a building face. Airflow in the undisturbed zone has a speed profile dependent on the terrain roughness and the level of atmospheric stratification. Obviously, most wind will be deflected around and over the building. Wind... 

Turbulence is generated by wind shear in the surface layer and in the wake of obstacles and structures present on the earth s surface. Another powerful source of turbulent motion is an unstable temperature stratification in the atmosphere. The earth s surface, heated by sunshine, may generate buoyant motion of very large scale (thermals). 

The interplay of physical controls is less complicated in the Polar and Trade (tropical) domains. As shown in Figure 24.11a, only one phytoplankton bloom occurs in the Polar domain, but is larger in amplitude than at mid-latitudes (Westerlies). Phytoplankton growth in the subpolar region is prolific because uniformly cold atmospheric temperatures suppress density stratification of the water column. Abundant winds ensure that... 

STRATIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND USE OF CURTIS-GODSON PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE... 

Schneider T (2007) The thermal stratification of the extratropical troposphere. In The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere. Schneider T, Sobel AH (eds) Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 47-77 Spicer RA, Harris NBW, Widdowson M, Herman AB, Guo S, Valdes PJ, Wolfe JA, Kelley SP (2003) Constant elevation of southern Tibet over the past 15 million years. Nature 421 622-624 Spicer RA, Herman A, Kennedy EM (2005) The sensitivity of CLAMP to taphonomic loss of foliar physiognomic characters. Palaios 20 429-438... 

Churilov, G.N., Lopatin, V.A., Novikov, P.V., Vnukova, N.G. (2001) A technique and device for studying alternating-current discharge dynamics. Stratification of a discharge in an argon flow at atmospheric pressure, Instrum, and Experim. Tech., 44(4), 519-523. 

In principle, multi -phase surface layers may be expected on pure metals whenever the metal ion can occur in several valancies, such as in the sulfuridation or oxidation of iron, where the surface layers consist of FeS and FeS2 or FeO, Fe O and Fe20g. The mechanism of surface layer formation can be described quantitatively under the assumption of a preferred parallel stratification of the individual oxides in the surface layer, the lowest oxidation step being located near the metal and the highest being in equilibrium with the gas atmosphere. 

Nitrous oxide saturation in surface waters of the Bay of Bengal is relatively smaller, averaging 125% (range 89-214%). The modest supersaturation, presumably caused by the strong thermohaline stratification, supports a lower flux to the atmosphere (0.04-0.12 Tg N2O year ) from the Bay of Bengal than that from the Arabian Sea (Naqvi et al., 1994). 

In the near future we anticipate further progress in ocean acidification as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Caldeira and Wickett, 2003) with sea surface pH potentially reaching as low as 7.8, a decrease of 0.5 pH units since the middle of the 20th century. More extensive periods of stratification and a spreading of oxygen-minimum zones in the world s oceans are also expected. Each of these processes is likely to impact on the oceanic N-cycle and the role cyanobacteria play within these systems. Specifically, these climate induced changes are likely to have significant effects on the composition of marine cyanobacterial communities and hence on the N dynamics they carry out. 

Francois, R., Altabet, M. A., Yu, E. F., Sigman, D. M., Bacon, M. P., Frank, M., Bohrmann, G., BareiUe, G., and Labeyrie, L. D. (1997). Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389(6654),... 

Pranyois, R., Altabet, M., and Labeyrie, L. (1997). Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389, 929. 

The temperature profiles within Jupiter and Saturn are thought to be essentially adiabatic, reflecting the high central temperatures and the dominant role of convection below the observable atmosphere where radiative processes become important. There may be deeper layers restricted in radial extent where the temperature profile becomes subadiabatic, due to a decrease in the total opacity, or by virtue of the behavior of the equation of state of hydrogen and helium. The same may hold for Uranus and Neptune, although with less certainty, because of the possibility that stable compositional gradients could exist and dominate the heat flow regime. In particular, Uranus small heat flow, if primordial and not a function of seasonal insolation, could be the result of a stable compositional stratification and hence subadiabatic temperature profile in the interior (Podolak et al., 1991). 

---