Frame transfer CCDs

While frame-transfer CCDs are seldom used today, interline-transfer CCDs are the type used most in consumer applications. Fig. 7.8.4 shows the basic principle the charges are sequentially and vertically transferred to a register. Field-interhne-transfer CCDs are used for professional applications. CCD sensors suffer from a limited dynamic range and are therefore restricted to few automotive applications. 

Fig. 11. Characterization of rapid evaporation from a 2.6 pm diameter water droplet using angular scattering and a high-speed frame transfer CCD camera. Since the CCD pixel transformation parameters were not precisely defined in these experiments the errors are estimated to be on the order of the diffraction limit...

There is another method to achieve shutterless operation without having to worry about smearing. CCD manufacturers can produce Frame Transfer devices [151,212]. Frame-transfer CCDs have half of the CCD array overcoated with an opaque material, such as aluminum. Thus, with a frame-transfer CCD detector, twice the defect-free detector area is required. The uncovered region of the CCD detector is illuminated by the spec-... 

The principle of accumulation of photons employed in this study is as follows a full frame transfer (FFT) chip in a CCD camera collects and accumulates photons, then transfers them as electrical signals. This effect of light accumulation by a FFT chip is expected to expand the detection range of very small amount of HRP than use of a photomultiplier for CL detection of H2O2, because a photomultiplier cannot accumulate light. 

The recent availability of inexpensive Q"Switched frequency-doubled diode-pumped Nd YAG lasers may encourage more study of coherent Raman effects. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) is especially easy to observe [13]. Only the laser, a short-focal-length monochromator and a spectrograph are needed. Because the stimulated effect is strong, an interline transfer CCD video camera and frame grabber can serve as the detector system. With this simple apparatus (Fig. 6), Grant and Hartwick observed the stimulated Raman spectra of common organic solvents, such as benzene and acetonitrile. The second Stokes shift for benzene is shown in Fig. 7. Stokes shifts up to the fourth are observable. 

In a standard fuU-frame CCD chip, three steps must be performed sequentially before the next image acquisition process begins. For frame transfer and interline transfer CCD technologies, the presence of an intermediate buffer makes it possible to discharge the potential well rapidly by rapid parallel shift. Once shifted to the readout buffer, the next acquisition sequence can start, continuing in parallel with the readout process. 

Fig. 12 CCD architecture of full frame, frame transfer and interline CCD and details of the binning mode...

Pseudocolor images associated with photon emission are generated by the CCD image processor and transferred via video cable to a PCI frame grabber using the camera software (or equivalent). 

In brief, via the CCD camera (1) with objective (2) and the frame grabber (3), an image of the shape of a drop (9) is transferred to a computer, where by using the ADSA software the coordinates of this drop are determined and compared to profiles calculated from the Gauss-Laplace equation of capillarity. The only free parameter in this equation, die interfaeial tension Y, is obtained at optimum fitting of the drop-shape coordinates. The dosing system (7) allows one to change the drop volume and hence the drop surface area. This possibility is used in dilational relaxation experiments as outlined in Sec. VI. 

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