Frame transfer

PRAWN pulsed rotating-frame transfer sequences with windows PRESS point-resolved spectroscopy... 

The fast dynamics of oscillatory electrochemical reactions often require a temporal resolution considerably better than video frequency. In the studies discussed in the next section, cameras with a full-frame transfer architecture that allows the recording of about 1000 frames per second were used. The spatial resolution is limited by the propagation length of... 

The principle of accumulation of photons employed in this study is as follows a full frame transfer (FFT) chip in a CCD camera collects and accumulates photons, then transfers them as electrical signals. This effect of light accumulation by a FFT chip is expected to expand the detection range of very small amount of HRP than use of a photomultiplier for CL detection of H2O2, because a photomultiplier cannot accumulate light. 

While frame-transfer CCDs are seldom used today, interline-transfer CCDs are the type used most in consumer applications. Fig. 7.8.4 shows the basic principle the charges are sequentially and vertically transferred to a register. Field-interhne-transfer CCDs are used for professional applications. CCD sensors suffer from a limited dynamic range and are therefore restricted to few automotive applications. 

Back illuminated, frame transfer electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera (such as Photometries Cascade II 512, Roper Scientific, Tuscon, AZ). Back illuminated EMCCD cameras capture more than 90% of incoming photons and amplify signals to overcome instrument noise. 

Fig. 11. Characterization of rapid evaporation from a 2.6 pm diameter water droplet using angular scattering and a high-speed frame transfer CCD camera. Since the CCD pixel transformation parameters were not precisely defined in these experiments the errors are estimated to be on the order of the diffraction limit...

In order to simplify the calculations, we have omitted the Basset terms, which have been found not to alter the nature of the physics. These essentially amount to an additional friction term, which slows down the adaptation of the particle s movement to the surrounding flow, but this adaptation remains very rapid anyway. On the left-hand side, the second term appears when the acceleration is expressed while changing the reference frame. Transferring this term to the right, we infer ... 

There is another method to achieve shutterless operation without having to worry about smearing. CCD manufacturers can produce Frame Transfer devices [151,212]. Frame-transfer CCDs have half of the CCD array overcoated with an opaque material, such as aluminum. Thus, with a frame-transfer CCD detector, twice the defect-free detector area is required. The uncovered region of the CCD detector is illuminated by the spec-... 

In a standard fuU-frame CCD chip, three steps must be performed sequentially before the next image acquisition process begins. For frame transfer and interline transfer CCD technologies, the presence of an intermediate buffer makes it possible to discharge the potential well rapidly by rapid parallel shift. Once shifted to the readout buffer, the next acquisition sequence can start, continuing in parallel with the readout process. 

Fig. 12 CCD architecture of full frame, frame transfer and interline CCD and details of the binning mode...

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