Gelled oils

Emulsions. Emulsion fluids and foams came into routine use in competition with crosslinked fluids during 1970-80. Simple, barely stable emulsions had been used early in fracturing. These were mainly emulsified acids that "broke" when the acid spent on the formation surfaces. In the late 1960 s Kiel became a proponent of very high viscosity oil fluids as a method to place exceptional (at the time) amounts of proppant(337,338). To avoid the frictional resistance typical of gelled oils he advanced the concept of preparing a very viscous oil-external emulsion with one part fresh water, 0.1% sodium tallate surfactant, and two parts oil. The viscous emulsion had to be pumped simultaneously with a water stream to minimize frictional pressure. This process was clumsy and still... 

A 50 lb scatter-type bomb developed by the US is identical with the intensive type as far as outside dimensions are concerned. Incendiary material to be scattered consists of either cotton-waste balls impregnated with inflammable materials, such as turpentine or CS2, or gelled oil held in small celluloid containers. When the bomb lands, ignition and ejection of the units are effected by an explosion of Black Powder in the nose... 

The second type, intended for use against buildings, contained a thermite-gelled oil mixture as an incendiary. This bomb had sufficient penetrating power to pierce a roof... 

The US developed a 50 lb bomb which consisted of a sheet zinc body in the shape of a prolonged ellipsoid, filled partly with thermite (bound with Na silicate) and partly with gelled oil. The bomb.was provided with an impact... 

Increased viscosity of the base - achieved for example, by addition of 2% aluminium monostearate or colloidal silica (Aerosil) - decreases the rate of release of soluble dmgs but has little effect on the release of the less-soluble materials. (The action of aluminium stearate and Aerosil in gelling oils is discussed in section 7.4.5.)... 

Flooring. Indene polymers were the first resins used in asbestos filled floor tile, and they continue to be used although they have been extended by petroleum resins and reinforced with polystyrene. The tile binder consists of 70% indene resin and 30% mineral oil plus a gelled oil. The filler is a mixture of limestone and asbestos. Aromatic oils give soft sticky mixes, paraffinic oils gave dry, crumbly mixes, and neither made satisfactory tiles. 

Determination of bottomhole pressures for conventional fracture fluids such as gelled oil or water are relatively simple compared to foam bottomhole pressure calculations. However, when compressible fluids such as foams are used, more rigorous calculations are required to determine bottomhole pressures. Foam density, foam quality, and injection rates are functions of temperature and pressure. 

E, Dumay, N. Souchei, I. C. Chefiel. Multifaeiorial. study of gelled oil/waier emulsions from sardine surimi. Sci, Aliment. 13 119-140, 1993. 

Gelling. Fatty acids and 50% sodium hydroxide can be added to a spill to trigger a soap-forming reaction. The resulting gel does not disperse. Instead, it remains in place to block the spread of non-gelled oil. 

Water-in-oil solubilized adjuvant formulations of vaccines containing Clostridium welchii type D toxoid as antigen were prepared first in 1968 and tested in laboratory animals by Coles et al [238]. The adjuvant action of oil-in-water emulsions, multiple emulsions and water in gelled oil emulsions is well known but these varied systems have the disadvantages of high viscosity which makes injection physically difficult. Lin [236] quotes an HLB of 9.7 as the optimum value for water solubilization in mineral oil. Coles et al [238] found a value of 10. While the addition of a small quantity of the lipophilic surfactant Arlacel 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) to a system of Tween 81 (polyoxyethylene (5)-sorbiton mono-oleate) alio wed increasing amounts of water to be solubilized, when toxoid solution was substituted for water the Arlacel decreased the amount which could... 

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