Fouling and Antifouling

Coil coating allows very efficient coating of large surface areas in a short time, the coated surfaces have a very high quality. The metal sheets are shaped to the required form after coating. 

Coating coils of strips in a large coating facility, instead of in many small ones, results in optimization of the coating process and reduces pollution of the environment (lower emission of volatile organic solvents) [11.1]. 

Prior to coating, the metal surfaces must be cleaned and pretreated with aqueous solutions to form conversion coatings. The following metal surfaces can be coil-coated  

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Wahl, M., Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling some basic aspects, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 58, 175, 1989. 

Targett, N.M. 1988. Allelochemistry in marine organisms chemical fouling and antifouling strategies. In Marine Biodeterioration. Advanced Techniques Applicable to the Indian Ocean, eds. M-F. Thompson, R. Sarojini R. Nagabhushanam, pp. 609-617, Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. 

Anticoppor]rig or Decoppering Agents. See under Fouling of Guns and Antifouling Agents... 

The physics of how moving water interacts with surfaces both explains why it is advantageous for organisms to attach to surfaces and provides insights into fouling, control limits, and antifouling... 

Throughout this whole process, manufacturing methods and materials requirements may be overriding considerations. Can the enhancement be produced in the material that will survive any fouling and corrosion inherent in the environment Much work needs to be done to define the fouling/corrosion characteristics of enhanced surfaces [385], Particularly, antifouling surfaces need to be developed. 

Hydrophilic modification of the membrane surface is also a promising method to control membrane fouling because the surface properties of membranes dominate the membrane characteristics. Plasma treatment is a widely used and effective technique to create polar organic functional groups on the membrane surface. Membrane hydrophilicity can be drastically improved by plasma treatment using various gases such as NH3 and CO2, and plasma treated membranes show better filtration performance and antifouling characteristics compared with unmodified ones (Yu et al., 2005). 

Upon initial installation using the hardware approach of Fig. 44, the probe-head-injected intensity calibration path must be referenced against the ideal external calibration protocol to account for the probe optic s contribution to the measured spectrum. This is validated in all cases, as the probe optic is spectrally stable (unless fouled), and if this is anticipated, antifouling methods should be employed. The probe-head-injected neon wavelength calibration path is optically equivalent to the ideal external neon path for purposes of wavelength calibration being fed to the analyzer through the same optical fiber. Some industrial installations allocate one of the channels of a multichannel system, as shown in Fig. 45, to a sample compartment. This sample compartment can be used to either contain a permanent Raman standard, such as a sample of cyclohexane, or to run standard samples to improve or validate a calibration model. 

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