Forrester effect

Max Shtein, Jonathan Mapel, Jay B. Benziger, and Stephen R. Forrest. Effects of film morphology and gate dielectric surface preparation on the electrical characteristics of organic-vapor-phase-deposited pentacene thin-film transistors. Applied Physics Letters, 81(2) 268-270, 2002. 

Logistics systems are prone to what has been called the Bullwhip or Forrester Effect , after Jay Forrester, who developed a set of techniques known as Industrial Dynamics.Forrester defined industrial dynamics as ... 

In 1958, Forrester started studies on an effect which is nowadays often referred to as the bullwhip effect. The bullwhip effect describes the amplification of temporal variations of the orders in a supply chain the more one moves away from the retail customer. Forrester showed that small changes in consumer demand result in large variations of orders placed upstream [4, 5]. It is interesting that this effect occurs even if the demand of final products is almost stable. For his studies, he assumed that some time delay exists between placing an order and the realization of this order (production). Furthermore, he assumed that each part of the supply chain plans its production and places its orders upstream taking into account only the information about the demands of its direct customer. 

One may argue that Forrester investigated this effect theoretically however, several authors were able to prove that this effect also occurs in reality [6-9]. This shows that an unmanaged supply chain is not inherently stable. 

Very recently, UDC claimed that they have successfully achieved a luminescent efficiency of 22 cd/A for a sky blue PHOLED with CIE (0.16,0.37) with over 15,000 h operating lifetime at 200 cd/m2 [317], The possible chemical structure of this sky blue emitter probably involves replacing the phenyl ring of phenylpyrazolyl with an extended fluorenyl unit, which has effective emission at room temperature, as presented at a recent ACS meeting by Forrest [318]. 

V Bulovic, VB Khalfin, G Gu, PE Burrows, DZ Garbuzov, and SR Forrest, Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices, Phys. Rev. B, 58 3730-3740, 1998. 

The chemistry of nitroxide radicals has been extensively reviewed (e.g. Forrester et al., 1968 Rozantsev, 1970 Rozantsev and Scholle, 1971 Aurich and Heiss, 1976 Berliner, 1976 Keana, 1978). They are -radicals, the unpaired electron occupying a if orbital between the oxygen and nitrogen atoms [4]. Since there is also an N—O o-bond, and two electrons fill a -bonding orbital between these atoms, the effective N—O bond order is 1.5. The nitroxide function is frequently represented as a hybrid of the two structures [5a] and [5b]. The result of this electron delocalization is a relatively stable structure. An alternative view of the absence of any significant tendency... 

The first reports on the drag reduction phenomenon are found in publications by Blatch (1906), Forrest (1931), as well as by Brautlecht (1933), who measured the flow behaviour of paper pulps. In independent studies made by Mysels (1949) and Toms (1948) this phenomenon was observed in the turbulent flow of gasoline in pipes when aluminum soaps were added and, in Toms experiments, when polymethylmethacrylate in monochlorobenzene was used. The reduction of friction is therefore often termed the Toms effect . This flow behaviour is also known in the literature as the Non-Newtonian- , visco-elastic- , Texas- or Texas-Toms-effect , due to the contributions made by Texan researchers. It is also more generally known, and this term will be used in this paper exclusively, as the drag-reduction effect of flow additives. 

Forrester, C.R. and Alderdice, D.F. (1966). Effects of salinity and temperature on embryonic development of die Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23,319-340. 

Johnston SA, Leib MS, Forrester SD, Marini M (1995) The effect of misoprostol on aspirin-induced gastrointestinal lesions in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 9 32-38 Matsui H, Murata Y, Kobayashi F et al. (2001) Diclofenac-induced gastric mucosal fluorescence in rats. Dig Dis Sci 46 338-344... 

K. Jansen and A. R. W. Forrest, Toxic effect of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons . Lancet, 353 9160 (10 Apr. 1999), Letter to the Editor. 

Miyazawa Y, Paul Starkey L, Forrest A, Schentag JJ, Kamimura H, Swarz H, Ito Y. Effects of the concomitant administration of tamsulosin (0.8 mg) on the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of intravenous digoxin (Lanoxin) in normal healthy subjects a placebo-controlled evaluation. J Clin Pharm Ther 2002 27(1) 13-19. 

Kilpatrick ES, Forrest G, Brodie MJ. Concentration-effect and concentration-toxicity relations with lamotrigine a prospective study. Epilepsia 1996 37(6) 534-8. 

Piscitelh SC, Forrest A, Lush RM, Ryan N, Whitfield LR, Figg WD. Pharmacometric analysis of the effect of furose-mide on suramin pharmacokinetics. Pharmacotherapy 1997 17(3) 431-7. 

Plaisance Kl, DrusanoGL, Forrest A, Weir MR, Standiford HC. Effect of renal function on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1990 Jun 34(6) 1031-4. 

Galla JN, Forrest JN, Hecht B, Kashgarian M, Hayslett JP. Effect of lithium on water and electrolyte metabolism. Yale J Biol Med 1975 48 305-314. 

In normal horses, therapeutics doses of NSAIDs have little effect on renal function or blood flow. The administration of high doses of NSAIDs to normal animals, however, can cause acute renal failure (Forrester Troy 1999). Even therapeutic doses of NSAIDs can result in the development of acute renal failure in patients who are volume depleted, hypotensive or have pre-existing renal disease (Patrono Dunn 1987, Stillman Schlesinger 1990),... 

Forrester S D, Troy G C 1999 Renal effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 21 910-919 Fry S W, Seeff L B 1995 Hepatotoxicity of analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 24 875-905... 

Zekas L J, Forrest L J 2003 Effect of perineural anesthesia on the uitrasonographic appearance of equine palmar metacarpal structures. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 44 59-64... 

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