Formulation basic principles

Cross formulates basic principles of revenue management (Cross 2001, p. 69) ... 

Since publication of the 1994 edition of the ISO 9000 series, TC176 has been busy formulating some basic principles of quality management. These principles are recommended as the basis for establishing the quality policy. The eight quality management principles are ... 

An understanding of the basic principles of the science of metallic corrosion is clearly vital for corrosion control, and as knowledge of the subject advances the application of scientific principle rather than an empirical approach may be used for such purposes as the selection of corrosion inhibitors, formulation of corrosion-resisting alloys, etc. 

The main process variables in differential contacting devices vary continuously with respect to distance. Dynamic simulations therefore involve variations with respect to both time and position. Thus two independent variables, time and position, are now involved. Although the basic principles remain the same, the mathematical formulation, for the dynamic system, now results in the form of partial differential equations. As most digital simulation languages permit the use of only one independent variable, the second independent variable, either time or distance is normally eliminated by the use of a finite-differencing procedure. In this chapter, the approach is based very largely on that of Franks (1967), and the distance coordinate is treated by finite differencing. 

In addition to the effects of formulation factors on freeze-drying behavior, it is important for the pharmaceutical scientist to understand basic principles of heat and mass transfer in freeze-drying [29,30]. Because of the high heat input required for sublimation (670 cal/g), transfer of heat from the heated shelf to the sublimation front is often the rate-limiting step in the coupled heat... 

This map has been checked by many researchers, indicating that it is applicable to a wide range of conditions. Also shown in Figure 3.4 are correlations derived by Mishima and Ishii (1984), which used similar basic principles except for the slug-to-churn transition. These authors pointed out that, in view of the practical applications of the separate-fluid model to transient analysis, flow regime criteria based on the superficial velocities of the liquid and gas may not be consistent with the separate-flow model formulation. A direct geometric parameter such as the... 

In Chapter 3 we discussed the formulation of objective functions without going into much detail about how the terms in an objective function are obtained in practice. The purpose of this appendix is to provide some brief information that can be used to obtain the coefficients in objective functions in economic optimization problems. Various methods and sources of information are outlined that help establish values for the revenues and costs involved in practical problems in design and operations. After we describe ways of estimating capital costs, operating costs, and revenues, we look at the matter of project evaluation and discuss the many contributions that make up the net income from a project, including interest, depreciation, and taxes. Cash flow is distinguished from income. Finally, some examples illustrate the application of the basic principles. 

There are some basic principles to be observed in developing and preparing test material formulations. These are presented in Table 13.6. 

This book outlines the basic principles needed to understand the mechanism of explosions by chemical explosives. The history, theory and chemical types of explosives are introduced, providing the reader with information on the physical parameters of primary and secondary explosives. Thermodynamics, enthalpy, free energy and gas equations are covered together with examples of calculations, leading to the power and temperature of explosions. A very brief introduction to propellants and pyrotechnics is given, more information on these types of explosives should be found from other sources. This second edition introduces the subject of Insensitive Munitions (IM) and the concept of explosive waste recovery. Developments in explosive crystals and formulations have also been updated. This book is aimed primarily at A level students and new graduates who have not previously studied explosive materials, but it should prove useful to others as well. I hope that the more experienced chemist in the explosives industry looking for concise information on the subject will also find this book useful. 

Analyzing the basic principles of H+-ATP-synthase phosphorylation, Skulachev formulated them as follows [22] ... 

The expectation of combined effects from mixture exposure is most often founded in the basic principles of toxicology and pharmacology (Loewe and Muischnek 1926a Bliss 1939 Plackett and Hewlett 1952). The first strictly pharmacological ideas formulated (Loewe and Muischnek 1926a) were supplemented by biometrical considerations. Later, Bliss (1939), a biologist and a biometrician, provided the first consistent framework, as depicted in Table 5.2 (Plackett and Hewlett 1952). In this framework, the main ideas focused on the presence or absence of interactions (commonly referred to as interactive and noninteractive joint action) with respect to responses observed in test organisms, and the presence of the same or a different mode of action. 

In the last few sections, the basic principles of wet granulations were summarized. The focus of this section will be on the use of wet granulation as a manufacturing process in the production of low-dose formulations. 

Boerhaave s reformation of chemistry did not only consist in the presentation of a chemistry worthy of his God, but it is also visible on a practical level. The reformation ideal of the priesthood of believers, reflects itself in the setup of Boerhaave s textbook of chemistry, the Iikmenta chemiae. In the same way as every man should be able to read the Bible and be responsible for his own belief and conduct, the chemist should understand the theory of chemistry rather than follow a set of prescriptions. Boerhaave, unlike contemporary textbook writers like Lefebvre, Lemery and Geoffroy, extensively explained the theory and operations of chemistry rather than the preparations of the art. This effects the outlook and content of his whole chemistry. Instead of presenting a set of recipes, he aimed at the understanding of the elements or basic principles of the art. He encouraged his readers not to just follow formulas, but to think about what chemistry is and does. Ultimately this knowledge would enable his pupils to study chemistry independently and so improve the art. In the last part of the chapter we shall see how Boerhaave prescribed the rules for performing chemical experiments and formulating chemical theory. 

In the present chapter, the main focus will be on the most common electrochemical techniques and methods used in the elucidation of reaction mechanisms. In general, it is possible from a quantitative analysis of the relation between current and potential to formulate even complex reaction mechanisms that incorporate preceding and/or follow-up reactions. A part of this text is devoted specifically to the description of the procedures used in the extraction of standard potentials and rate constants once the mechanism is known. However, before a discussion of the individual techniques can be accomplished, an introduction to the basic concepts in electrochemistry seems appropriate. For obvious reasons, this part can only be of limited length in a chapter, and for the reader who would appreciate a more detailed description of the basic principles, we recommend the book of Bard and Faulkner [1]. 

The basic principle underlying mass spectrometry was formulated by J. J. Thomson (the discoverer of the electron) early in the century. Working with cathode ray tubes, he was able to separate two types of particles, each with a slightly different mass, from a beam of neon ions, thereby proving the existence of isotopes. (Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have slightly different atomic masses due to the presence of differing numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.) The first mass spectrometers were built in 1919 by F. W. Aston and A. J. Dempster. 

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