Forming Limits

Liquidus Temperature. The Hquidus temperature determines the susceptibiUty of a glass to devitrification and therefore influences its forming limitations and often its heat-treating requirements. 

Forming Limit Analysis. The ductihty of sheet and strip can be predicted from an analysis that produces a forming limit diagram (ELD), which defines critical plastic strains at fracture over a range of forming conditions. The ELD encompasses the simpler, but limited measures of ductihty represented by the percentage elongation from tensile tests and the minimum bend radius from bend tests. 

Forming additives/processing aids, ceramics processing, 5 646-648 Forming-die alloys, zinc, 26 594 Forming limit analysis, copper wrought alloys, 7 736-737 Formonitrile, 3 171 Formulation aid, 12 32 Formylation, 12 177-178... 

Can degrade almost any elastomer if sulfur exists in the mercaptan form limited to 50 ppm in aviation jet fuel. 

Company profile ChemKit GmbH, legal form limited liability company acc. to Austrian law, location Vienna, founded January 2007, main business activity consulting for Chemical Leasing schemes... 

Chowhan (1978) generated the appropriate equations to describe the solubility of a carboxylic acid and its salts as a function of pH. At low pH, the nonionized form limits the solubility, S, which can be expressed as the sum of the intrinsic solubility of the uncharged forrnjfetfti the variable concentration of the salt form, [/ ... 

Thin-layer Chromatography (High Performance). In illicit dosage forms limit of detection 2ng—L. Kraus et al. Bull. Narcot., 1980, 32, 61-11. 

Depending on the stoichiometry, the field either inhibited or enhanced the soot formation. Figure 4 compares a run with no field with a run with a moderate field of 300 V. The stoichiometry, = 1.82, is just above the carbon-forming limit in this experimental apparatus. The applied field extinguishes completely the soot formation from its inception. The tests were extended subsequently to very rich conditions, = 2.86. Figure 5 compares runs made with and without the applied field. The field effect is dramatically different. Instead of diminishing the soot yield, the field actually has augmented the soot formation. 

Crystal structures of L-ascorbic acid varying from coarse to ultrafine powder constitute the major commercial product forms of the compound, followed by special coated and granulated forms. Sodium L-ascorbate is also produced in granular and powder forms. Limited production of other forms such as calcium ascorbate and ascorbyl palmitate depend on demand of these products in specialty use applications. 

The simple linear polymer thus formed, limited to small chains such as pentamers, hexamers, etc., would explain the liquid polymer product. 

A study of the cumulative yields of volatile products at various temperatures showed that, after pyrolysis for 18 hours at 156 and 188°, although water was the main product from the starches, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also formed. Limited, pyrolytic degradation must, therefore, have occurred at these temperatures. There was a large increase in all three products at 218.6°, indicating that major decomposition occurs near this temperature. In contrast, cellulose did not form comparable quantities of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide until temperatures of 260-270° were reached. 

Retention time 14.4 (4.4 hydroxy acid form) Limit of detection 10 ng/mL Limit of quantitation 25 ng/mL... 

Side reactions of the dication (e.g. hydrolysis), and perhaps further oxidation of the carbazole at potentials where the dication forms, limits the yield of carbazole cation radical in some cases. A similar reaction sequence reported by Ronlan and Parker (1970) involves oxidation of . [7a] which produces a cyclized product, the 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene [7b]. On the CV time scale [7b] forms a stable cation radical, but on coulometric oxidation it shows an napp-value of two and produces the phenanthrene [7c]. A similar intramolecular coupling occurs upon oxidation of... 

Similarly, superelectrophilic solvation may also involve weaker interactions without forming limiting dications resulting in enhanced electrophilic reactivity. In order to be involved in superelectrophihc activation the starting molecule is best bifunctional. 

Superelectrophilic Activation or Superelectrophilic Solvation. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid, TfOH) has been extensively employed as a superacid Ho= —14.1) in superelectrophilic activation (or superelectrophilic solvation), both concepts advanced by Olah. Superelectrophilic activations may occur when a cationic electrophile reacts with a Bronsted or Lewis acid to give a dicationic (doubly electron-deficient) superelectrophile. However, it should be recognized that the activation may proceed through superelectrophilic solvation without necessarily forming limiting dicationic intermediates. The frequently used depiction of protosolvated species as their limiting dications is just for simplicity. ... 

Amino Resins. Formaldehyde-modified amino resins (i.e., melamine, benzogua-namine, and urea resins) are the most important resins for the heat curing of hydroxyfunctional polyester resins. These resins are readily available with a low molecular mass (very good polyester compatibility, but less reactive) or in precondensed form (limited compatibility, but very reactive). In order to prevent premature reaction in the wet paint, the amino resins are blocked by etherification with, for example, methanol or butanol. Sulfonic acids (e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid) have proved suitable for accelerating the deblocking of amino resins during heat curing. These acids must also be used in blocked form (ammonium salts, thermolabile adducts). 

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