Formic acid from propane

Water-soluble complexes constitute an important class of rhodium catalysts as they permit hydrogenation using either molecular hydrogen or transfer hydrogenation with formic acid or propan-2-ol. The advantages of these catalysts are that they combine high reactivity and selectivity with an ability to perform the reactions in a biphasic system. This allows the product to be kept separate from the catalyst and allows for an ease of work-up and cost-effective catalyst recycling. The water-soluble Rh-TPPTS catalysts can easily be prepared in situ from the reaction of [RhCl(COD)]2 with the sulfonated phosphine (Fig. 15.4) in water [17]. 

A formal relationship thus exists between the Z and Sc values for all peptide-nonpolar ligand interactions since Z is the slope of the plot of In k versus the logarithm of 1/[D ] assuming that a first order dependency prevails. Linearity can be observed for the dependencies of In k on ln(1/[D ] such as the example144 shown in Figure 12 for several polypeptides and small proteins eluted with a 50% formic acid mobile phase containing different concentrations of propan-2-ol from n-alkylsilica under RPC conditions. 

Besides ammonia boranes, hydrogen can also be released from other different sources including biomass, hydracine, NaBH, and formic acid [67]. In this context, it have been reported that Ni NPs supported on r-GO are able to produce by steam reforming of propane and that Ni-r-GO is a more efficient catalyst than Ni supported on Al O. ... 

Stationary phase silica gel G. Mobile phase M = acetone M2 = ethyl methyl ketone A/j = propan-2-ol M = 10% diphenylamine in methanol A/5 = 10% diethylamine hydrochloride (DEAH) in methanol A/ = formic acid (FA)-10% DEAH in methanol (9 1) A/7 = FA-acetone (1 9) Mi = FA-propan-2-ol (1 9) Mg = FA-propan-2-ol (9 1). Conditions Ascending technique, run 10 cm. layer thickness 0.25 mm. 1% test solutions as sodium or potassium salts of anions, activation temperature 100 S°C for I h, loading volume 10 )i.l. Detection (a) 1% ferric chloride solution in 2.0 M HCI for SCN , MoOl", FelCNjs" and Fe(CN). (b) Saturated solution of silver nitrate in methanol forCrOi", CraO ", S . ", VOj, Cl , T, Br , lOj, lOj and CHsCOO". (c) 1% solution of K1 in 1% HCI for NO2 and BrOj. Remarks Separation of microgram amounts of iodate from large excess of iodide, bromide, or chloride, and vice versa on silica gel layer with A/g. 

Oxidation of methane to formaldehyde. One of the first studies in this area was reportedly an experimental factory production of formalin in the United States from natural gas (Empire Refining Co., 1930) with a capacity of 70 million gallons (265 million litres) of a mixture of formaldehyde, methanol, and acetaldehyde. The description of the installation and the method, as well as the yields, has not been published. However, in contrast to the oxidation of propane and butane (associated gas), the processes of direct oxidation of methane have not received widespread in the United States. Two industrial processes for production of formaldehyde from methane were developed in Germany. To produce formaldehyde, methane was oxidized with molecular oxygen in the presence of 1—2% of nitrogen oxides or a heterogeneous catalyst (94% Cu, and 6% Sn). The oxidation of methane in the presence of platinum or palladium yielded mainly formic acid. In this case, the reaction proceeds at a very high rate, so it is impossible to isolate oxidation intermediates, formaldehyde, and methanol [174]. 

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