Formation and Development

As a practice-based subject, the formation and development of tribology have always been associated with the requirement from society and technology development. Tribology experienced several different stages in its history. Its developing process indicates an obvious trend of integration and combination of multi-scientific subjects in a multi-scale nature from macroscopic dimension to nanometre. 

Two types of theory have been put forward to explain the formation and development of our solar system catastrophe and evolution. The former assumes a collision or coming together of two stars. As early as 1745, the French scientist Count Buf-fon postulated that the Earth had been torn out of the sun by a passing comet. He estimated the age of the Earth to be 70,000 years, while theology proclaimed that the Earth was less than 6,000 years old. 

Interstellar dust is also important for the formation and development of stars. Although the dust particle component is only a minor one in ISM, it acts as a cooling agent for collapsing clouds, thus preventing the buildup of an effective thermodynamic counterpressure. 

Some of the current methods of increasing dissolution rates of drugs are particle size reduction, salt formation, and development of the optimized delivery systems, such as solid dispersion, soft gelatin encapsulation, etc. 

Iu. Ia. Fialkov and A. N. Zhitomirski, Paul Walden s role in the formation and development of the physical chemistry of nonaqueous solutions , Latvijas PSR... 

The theoretical activity of Boreskov is intimately associated with all states in the formation and development of the modem science of catalysis. He treated the catalytic process by considering all related phenomena. It is from just such a concept that a new trend, mathematical modeling of catalytic (and chemical, in general) processes, arose. Now, with mathematical modeling of chemical reactions as the basis, a special branch of science, concerned with the theoretical basis of chemical technology, has been formed. 

The most active oxide adsorbents are generally highly porous. In the past, the porosity was easy to produce but difficult to control, and therefore industrial adsorbents such as many silica gels and activated aluminas had complex micropore or mesopore structures. However, considerable progress has been made in recent years in the elucidation of the mechanisms of pore formation and development. 

Alava, J.M. (2003). Formation and Development of Bread Structure in High-Speed Bread-making Process, Ph.D. thesis. University of Reading. 

Boundary layers appear in flow situations near the walls or other non-deform-able structures that exist in the flow field [3.8]. Their formation and development, stability and local thickness are of great interest to engineers and researchers because all the gradients of property concentration are concentrated here. Consequently, we can write a very simple expression for the flux of the property. 

Steplewski, Z., Robinson Goldman, P. and Vogel, W. H. (1987). Effect of housing stress on the formation and development of tumors in rats. Cancer Lett. 34, 257-261. 

Boise W (1998) Formation and development of disordered networks in Si-based ceramics under ion bombardment. Nucl Instr MethB14L133-139... 

Ultimately it may be cost effective for a company to subcontract assay development to a clinical division in-house or to a third party. However, if this is done before the parent company has the in-house expertise to monitor assay development, this can be a very dangerous and expensive process. Often the expertise on the chemistry of the compound class is not transferred and inferior assays are developed at great expense. If it is necessary to develop early assays outside the company, it is important that the assay development is approached as a collaborative project with a group possessing an established record in the development of assays for environmental samples. Involvement of scientists from the clinical field can be very useful since they have decades of accumulated knowledge on assay formatting and development. However, the involvement of scientists with an appreciation of matrix effects, metabolism, and the regulatory questions posed is critical. 

Early (1930 to 1940) kinetic studies of dehydrations contributed much to the development of the concept of the reaction interface as the important feature of nucleation and growth reactions [2]. Kinetic equations applicable to the decompositions of a vnde range of crystalline substances were developed. Large, well-formed crystals of hydrates could be prepared relatively easily and studies of these were particularly rewarding. The interpretation of kinetic data was supplemented by microscopic evidence concerning the formation and development of product nuclei. Recent work on dehydrations has included more precise determinations of the crystal structures of reactants, products and their interrelationships, including interface textures, in the attempt to resolve unanswered questions. 

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