Forced labour

Since no demands for independence were made of the Japanese, it is difficult to classify the motives for this revolt as nationalism, either of an Acehnese or Indonesian sort. The strongest demands by Said Abu Bakar were for freedom from forced labour and tax, and punishment of the uleebalang to whom PUSA was most opposed. The anti-foreign and Islamic sentiments were still the most widespread, galvanised by modern mobilisation through PUSA, as well as anti-imperial nationalist ideas among the influential uleebalang who took part. 

Belser, P, Forced labour and human trafficking Estimating the profits. Geneva ILO, 2005. 

The international as well as the supranational (i.e. European Community) law do not only promote the development of activating measures but set also certain legal limits. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has to be mentioned here. Linked to the question of reasonable work, the discussion on forced labour revives again and again. The critics contend that it is a kind of forced labour if the unemployed has to accept any occupation at any salary as modest as it may be in order to avoid administrative sanctions. This point of view is discussed controversially, but at least the debate reveals the fear of the persons involved that they will be completely at the mercy of a liberalised labour market. More importance could inhere in the conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). It is the task of the ILO to preserve the interests of the employed and to ensure sufficient protection. 

In general, the provisions of SGB II regarding the obligation to accept a One-Euro Job if integration into the regular labour market is not possible in the foreseeable future do not contradict the principle of free choice of occupation or profession. The main objective of this intervention is not forced labour but helping benefit recipients re-enter (or at least prepare them for) the labour market so that need can be eliminated (Sachverstandigenrat 2006). 

About the year 1566 Henry Garces, a Portuguese, examined a red earth used by the Indians for making paint. The colour reminded him of cinnabar and after making a few experiments he convinced himself that this red earth was indeed the same as that mined in Spain. This led to the opening up of the mines at Guancavelica in Peru, where thousands of workmen were subsequently condemned to forced labour amid the deadly fumes. 

Article 8 Right not to be subjected to slavery, servitude or forced labour... 

Polish POWs and forced labourers 150,000-200,000 Estonian, Lithuanian, and Latvian Wehrmacht and SS soldiers, slave labourers, and civilians fleeing the Soviets 100,000-150,000 ethnic Ukrainians and 250,000 Jewish refugees, including a small group who had survived the death camps and death marches (Cohen 2012 5-6). 

Keywords forced migration, trafficking, smuggling, anti trafficking, legislation. Trafficking Protocol of2000, prostitution, forced labour, asylum, politics... 

Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of finud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerabilily or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. 

Global Alliance Against Forced Labour (GAAFL) (2005) Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. International Labour Conference 93rd Session, report IB. Geneva International Labour OfOce. 

International Labour Office (2008) Fighting Human Trafficking The Forced Labour Dimensions (Background Paper). Geneva ILO. 

Manning, P. (ed.) (1996) Slave Trades, 1500-1800 Globalization of Forced Labour. Aldershot Ashgate Variorium. 

Kibreab, G. (2009) Forced Labour in Eritrea. Journal of Modern African Studies 47(1) 41-72. 

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