Trafficking Protocol

Keywords forced migration, trafficking, smuggling, anti trafficking, legislation. Trafficking Protocol of2000, prostitution, forced labour, asylum, politics... 

Here we provide the basic methods we use to study chemokine-receptor trafficking. These methods have been used in conjunction with chemokines and chemokine antagonists, and with other agents (e.g., phorbol esters) that can induce receptor endocytosis. In the following protocols, we refer only to the use of chemokines. We use the operational terms endocytosis and recycling to avoid alternative expressions such as down-modulation or down-regulation, desensitization, and resensitization, which may be used to reflect the functional state of the receptor or cell. 

The protocol can be adapted to measure receptor recycling. If radiolabeled antibodies are internalized into cells by incubation at 37°C in the presence of chemokine or other agents, the acid-elution procedure can be used to remove radiolabeled antibodies remaining on the cell surface. If the acid-elution medium is not reduced below pH 3.0, and the washes kept brief and performed at 4°C, then the cells can be returned to 37°C culture (care should be taken to ensure that the endocytic-trafficking properties of cells are not perturbed by the low pH treatment). During a subsequent incubation at 37°C, receptors that recycle will return antibodies to the cell surface. These antibody molecules can be assessed by measuring the radioactivity that becomes accessible to a second round of acid elution. 

Membrane Trafficking, edited by Ales Vancura, 2008 456. Adipose Tissue Protocols, Second Edition, edited by 426. Kaiping Yang, 2008... 

The Protocol drafting occurred within a context of intense preoccupations with immigration, prostitution, and the vulnerabilities of children. Given these very different preoccupations, one of its achievements is oflen held to be agreement reached on the first internationally recognized definition of trafficking ... 

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