Forced alignment

Dispersion forces act over long separation distances (Irom interatomic distance to 10 nm and above) and are affected by nearby bodies. These forces align and orient molecules. Powerful as they are, dispersion forces do decrease rapidly as the separation distance between two interacting bodies increases. The energy is inversely proportional to the sixth or seventh power of separation distance. Electrons traveling around the nucleus form an asymmetric charge distribution... 

Given the word and phone sequence we can construct an HMM model network can to recognise just those words. Recognition is obviously performed with perfect accuracy, but in doing the recognition search we also determine the most likely state sequence, and this gives us the phone and word boundaries. Often this operation is called forced alignment. 

This is done by miming a recognition system in forced alignment mode, where the correct word sequence is given to the recogniser before hand. 

A. Cristadoro, G. Lieser, H.J. Rader, K. Mullen, Field-force alignment of disc-type pi systems. ChemPhysChem 8, 586-591 (2007)... 

Fig. 11.8 Schematic representation of LC PMPs after magnetically forced alignment. The a discotic lamellar (Dl) structure of Poly-2 and the b hexagonal columnar (Colh) structure of Poly-3 at room temperature. Reprinted with permission from [13]. Copyright 2009, Elsevier...

K. Suda, J. Yoshida, S. Nimori, K. Akagi, Hierarchical stractures of self-assembled helical conjugated polymers - magnetically forced alignment of liquid crystalline poly(meto-phenylene) derivatives. Synth. Met. 159, 943-948 (2009)... 

J. Oguma, R. Kawamoto, H. Goto, K. Itoh, K. Akagi, Magnetically forced alignment of liquid crystalline aromatic conjugated polymers and their electrical and optical anisotropies. Synth. Met. 119, 537-538 (2001)... 

The LSCEs represent a new class of macromolecular systems distinguished by macroscopically uniform anisotropy. The concept of LSCE can be furthermore extended to other synthesis routes and to the densely crosslinked systems. Macroscopic uniaxially oriented films can be formed by mechanical force, alignment surface [30], magnetic and electric fields [31], polarized light [32], etc., and then crosslinked to form an anisotropic network (LC network is abbreviated as LCN) if the mixture components contain polymerizable or crosslink-able bifunctional monomers (Figure 9.13). Alternatively, amorphous or liquid crystalline side-group and/or main-chain polymers incorporating additional... 

K. Akagi, H. Goto, H. Shirakawa, T. Nishizawa, K. Masuda, Fused state C-NMR study on liquid crystaUine polyacetylene derivatives - magnetically forced alignment and orientational behavior, Synth. Met., 69, 33-34 (1995). 

Cristadoro, A. Lieser, G. Rader, H. J. Mullen, K. Field-force alignment of disc-type systems. ChemPhysChem 2007, 8, 586-591. 

Figure 14 shows schematically both spontaneous and magnetically forced alignment of side-chain liquid crystalline conjugated polymers the former and the latter generate multidomain and monodomain of liquid crystalline phases, respectively. 

FIGURE Iti Schematic representation of magnetically forced alignment of the side chain liquid crystalline mono-substituted polyacetylene and sample cell for the four-probe method of electrical conductivity measurement. 

In column buckling tests particular care has to be taken with setting up the column s end support conditions and with the axial or eccentric alignment of the end compressive forces. In order to reduce force alignment difficulties, buckling tests are often carried out in universal testing machines with extended daylights. Simply supported end conditions have been simulated in some tests by means of a steel ball located between two thick steel plates, as shown in Fig. 13.20(a). For column tests which require simply supported... 

Tethers based on carbon chains are neutral and have electronically almost no influence. A forced alignment of the electron-rich aryl moieties in 15 does not result upon anodic treatment in the desired ortho,ortho-co yp eA product. Short tethers in 15 promote intermolecular coupling reactions, whereas longer spacers allow the formation of ortho,par a products [27]. The electronic activation in position para is dominant and a simple aUcyhdene tether is not exploitable for synthesis (Scheme 6). 

Pijnappels, D. A., Schalij, M. J., Ramkisoensing, A. A., van Tuyn, J., deVries, A. A. R, Ypey, D. L., et al. (2008). Forced alignment of mesenchymal stem cells undergoing cardiomyo-genic differentiation affects functional integration with cardiomyocyte cultures. Circulation Research, 103(2), 167-176. http //dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.176131. 

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