Force conversion factors

Pressure is defined as force per unit of area. The International System of Units (SI) pressure unit is the pascal (Pa), defined as 1.0 N /m. Conversion factors from non-SI units to pascal are given in Table 1 (see also Units and conversion factors front matter). An asterisk after the sixth decimal place indicates that the conversion factor is exact and all subsequent digits are 2ero. Relationships that are not followed by an asterisk are either the results of physical measurements or are only approximate. The factors are written as numbers greater than 1 and less than 10, with 6 or fewer decimal places (1). 

The lower volatihty of JP-8 is a significant factor in the U.S. Air Force conversion from JP-4, since fires and explosions under both combat and ordinary handling conditions have been attributed to the use of JP-4. In examining the safety aspects of fuel usage in aircraft, a definitive study (15) of the accident record of commercial and military jet transports concluded that kerosene-type fuel is safer than wide-cut fuel with respect to survival in crashes, in-flight fires, and ground fueling accidents. However, the difference in the overall accident record is small because most accidents are not fuel-related. 

The factor gc is the conversion factor that relates equivalent force and mass (ML/t2) units in engineering systems. In these systems both force and mass... 

Gravitational acceleration, g, is included to relate mass to inertial force. The conversion factor, g, was included to convert one unit system to another. The subscripts o and a refer to the organic and aqueous phases, respectively. The remaining notation is as follows ... 

In the British system, the unit of work is called the foot-pound (ft-lb), because the pound is a unit of force and the foot is a unit of displacement. These units of work are all related by simple conversion factors. 

You are probably well aware that the pressures at great depths under the ocean are extremely large, and the deeper you go, the greater the pressure that is exerted. Let s start small and look at a beaker filled with water. The beaker has a diameter of 10 cm, and the height of the water is 20 cm. How much pressure does the water exert on the bottom of the beaker To answer this question we simply need to recall that P = FI A. The force involved is the weight of the water contained in the beaker. The weight of the water can be calculated from the mass of the water, and the mass of the water can be calculated from the volume, using density as a conversion factor. 

Using Eq. (6), the magnitude of the London dispersive force in one mole between two identical molecules may be expressed by the following Eq. (7) in SI unit which 4nso — 1.11265 x 10 10C/m/V is used as a conversion factor... 

For those of us forced by convention or national origin to work with the so-called English units, there are some other handy conversion factors you should know ... 

The common usage of psi and atmosphere for units of pressure will be replaced by the pascal in the SI system. Because a pascal, as a force of one newton against an area of one square meter, is a very small unit, it is convenient to deal with kilopascals (kPa) rather than pascals in many cases.t The following conversion factors are useful for making the transition from the U.S. customary system for pressure designations ... 

Hie newton, abbreviated N, and the pascal, abbreviated Pa, are the SI units for force and pressure, respectively (1 N m-2 = 1 Pa). Pressures in plant studies have been expressed in bars, where 1 bar = 10 dynes cm-2, 0.987 atmosphere, or 0.1 MPa. See Appendix II for further conversion factors for pressure. 

Various units are used for expressing pressures (see Chapter 1, Footnote 8). A pressure of one standard atmosphere, or 0.1013 MPa, can support a column of mercury 760 mm high or a column of water 10.35 m high. As indicated in Chapter 1, the SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), which is 1 N m-2 an SI quantity of convenient size for hydrostatic pressures in plants is often the MPa (1 MPa = 10 bar = 9.87 atm). (An extensive list of conversion factors for pressure units is given in Appendix II, which also includes values for related quantities such as RT.) Pressure is force per unit area and so is dimensionally the same as energy per unit volume (e.g., 1 Pa = 1 N m-2 = 1J m-3). Vw has the units of m3 mol-1, so VWP and hence /aw can be expressed in J mol-1. 

Another important factor that is often not taken into consideration is the process temperature during polishing. Recent researches [12,13] have elucidated the effect of temperature on the coefficient of friction during both copper and ILD CMP by conducting polishing experiments at different pad and slurry temperatures. Sorooshian et al. [12] have attributed the changes in coefficient of friction to the changes in pad properties, which result in an increase in shear force. Conversely, removal rate, surface chemical analysis. 

The units of each term are ft-lbp/lbM, where pound force is Ibp, and pound mass is Ibw- The conversion factor, gc, equals 32.2 IbM-ft/s lbp. In the first term, the kinetic energy term, the factor a corrects for the velocity profile across the... 

The base units of the American engineering system are the foot (ft) for length, the pound-mass (Ibm) for mass, and the second (s) for time. This system has two principal difficulties. The first is the occurrence of conversion factors (such as 1 ft/12 in), which, unlike those in the metric systems, ate not multiples of 10 the second, which has to do with the unit of force, is discussed in the next section. 

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