For inference

An alternative method for inferring accumulation rate relies on assuming that the rain of cosmogenic nuclides such as °Be onto the ice sheet surface is known. Then high accumulation rate dilutes the cosmogenic nuclide so its concentration as measured in the ice core is inversely proportional to accumulation rate. 

The sample population for the study (53% of 731 fish) appears at first glance sufficiently large for inferences about the average PCB concentration in the total population. The investigator should... 

Meyers TP, Finkelstein P, Clarke J, Ellestad T, Sims PF. 1998. A multilayer model for inferring dry deposition using standard meteorological measurements. J Geophys Res 103 22645-22661. 

Nisbet ICT. 1998. Trends in concentrations and effects of persistent toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes their significance for inferring management actions. Environ Manage Assess 53 3-15. 

Lacking a gold standard criterion, the only rational basis for inferring the existence of a taxonic entity, a real class, a nonarbitrary natural kind, must lie within the pattern displayed by the presumed indicators of the conjectured taxon. 

There are several future directions that NIR brain sensing and imaging research can take. In instrumentation, advances in time-resolve spectroscopic equipment may yield less expensive equipment and thus a more prolific use. This will allow for approximation of time of flight parameter providing a possible avenue for inferring path length. Theoretically, there is a need for better theoretical modeling to eliminate crosstalk noise. Possible improvements have already been introduced by Boas, et. al [8]. However, more human subject studies need to be conducted to... 

Develop or apply advanced technologies for inferring chemical reaction rates and nearness to control limits (e.g., maximum cooling capacity) from process measurements using a combination of real-time computerized algorithms and reactivity test data... 

Both assumptions are mainly needed for constructing confidence intervals and tests for the regression parameters, as well as for prediction intervals for new observations in x. The assumption of normal distribution additionally helps avoid skewness and outliers, mean 0 guarantees a linear relationship. The constant variance, also called homoscedasticity, is also needed for inference (confidence intervals and tests). This assumption would be violated if the variance of y (which is equal to the residual variance a2, see below) is dependent on the value of x, a situation called heteroscedasticity, see Figure 4.8. 

Data transfers, in floating point engineering units or in status states, are requested by the expert system. Thus the distributed system does not transmit all measurements and alarms on a fixed scan basis, but rather the process data are accessed as required for inference. In a sense, the expert system is acting like an expert operator, who focuses attention or scans the process operation selectively, using expertise to determine specific areas of attention. 

It is hoped that the terms donor and acceptor strengths will be reserved for inferences made about Lewis acid-base properties from data in the gas phase or poorly solvating solvents. This is to be contrasted with the more complex phenomena contributing to acidity and basicity. 

Four methods are available in the literature for inferring cooling rate or cooling timescale from measured species concentrations in homogeneous reaction geospeedometers temperature-time transformation, Ganguly s method, Zhang s equation, and the empirical method. They are outlined below. 

A factorial design is a very general scheme to investigate the influence of independent variables on responses. When the response is normally distributed, statistics like the /-test can be used for inference purposes. The ratio SIR as a response can be analyzed with a factorial design but some care must be taken with interpreting the results. Generally, an approximate... 

Burdick JT, Chen WM, Abecasis GR et al. In silico method for inferring genotypes in pedigrees. Nat Genet 2006 38 1002-1004. 

The information obtained in answering the questions above should be helpful for inferring structural modifications to reduce toxicity. If it seems likely that the substance will be toxic and the toxicity cannot be reduced through structural modification, the chemist should consider finding a less toxic, structurally unrelated substance that has comparable commercial usefulness. 

The foregoing statement is not to be construed as meaning that chemical methods, as well as physical methods, cannot be used as the basis for inference about the nature of resonating structures. This inference is based on the resultant bond type, and not on tbe direct iden tification of individual structures. 

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