Food processing, requirements

Since drinking water and water used for food processing require the highest quality of all large applications, intentional reuse for potable water traditionally has been regarded as less desirable, though widely practiced unintentionally or out of necessity. This leaves three applications within which water is most commonly reused at present ... 

The practical apphcation of the Maillard reaction during food processing requires it to be under control in order to suppress side reactions and highlight the desirable or beneficial reactions. The... 

These general considerations aim to stress that a thermal analysis approach to the study of foods and food processes requires specific skills and experience, as well as instruments of very good quality. Any blind use of a TA device to acquaint some generic reference should therefore be discouraged at all times. 

A method that would enable detection and classification of the bone content in 100% of the incoming frozen fish blocks in real time without delaying the production line was desired. An obvious solution to this was the use of X-ray inspection. X-ray inspection however requires the integration of a highly sensitive inspection equipment with the corrosive atmosphere associated with food processing as well as the tough restrictions imposed by the health authorities regarding irradiation of food. 

Food Processing. One of the first appHcations of RO was ia the food processiag (qv) iadustry. The primary advantage of RO over the traditionally used processes ia the food iadustry is that RO operates at low temperatures which can prevent the denaturation of some materials used ia foodstuffs. Because high temperatures are not required, energy costs are reduced as well. Moreover, RO is relatively simple ia terms of the equipment design. These factors lead ultimately to a reduction ia capital and operating costs, accompanied by an iacrease ia product quaUty. 

Sodium Intake. Where salt is readily available, most of the world s population chooses to consume about 6,000—11,000 mg of salt or sodium chloride a day so that average daily sodium intake from all sources is 3,450 mg (8,770 mg NaCl) (13). The U.S. EDA s GRAS review puts the amount of naturally occurring sodium in the American diet at 1000—1500 mg/d, equivalent to the amount of sodium in approximately 2500—3800 mg NaCl. Thus the average daily intake of NaCl from food-grade salt used in food processing (qv) and from salt added in cooking or at the table is from 4960—6230 mg NaCl. The requirement for salt in the diet has not been precisely estabUshed, but the safe and adequate intake for adults is reported as 1875—5625 mg (14). The National Academy of Sciences recommends that Americans consume a minimum of 500 mg/d of sodium (1250 mg/d salt) (6,15). 

Solvent Extraction. Extraction processes, used for separating one substance from another, are commonly employed in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. Oilseed extraction is the most widely used extraction process on the basis of tons processed. Extraction-grade hexane is the solvent used to extract soybeans, cottonseed, com, peanuts, and other oilseeds to produce edible oils and meal used for animal feed supplements. Tight specifications require a narrow distillation range to minimize solvent losses as well as an extremely low benzene content. The specification also has a composition requirement, which is very unusual for a hydrocarbon, where the different components of the solvent must be present within certain ranges (see Exthaction). 

The coating thickness may range from 0.0025 to 0.05 mm, depending on the type of protection required. Pure tin coatings are used on food-processing equipment, milk cans, kitchen implements, electronic and electrical components, fasteners, steel and copper wire, pins, automotive bearings, and pistons. 

Aerated lagoons are employed for the treatment of nontoxic or nonha2ardous wastewaters such as food processing and pulp and paper. Retention time varies from 3 to 12 d, so a large land area is usually required. 

The largest consumers of water in the United States are thermal power plants (eg, steam and nuclear power plants) and the iron and steel, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, and food-processing industries. They consume >60% of the total industrial water requirements (see also Power generation Wastes, industrial). 

Kneading Devices These are closely related to the agitated pan but differ as being primarily mixing devices with heat transfer a secondary consideration. Heat transfer is provided by jacketed construction of the main body and is effected by a coolant, hot water, or steam. These devices are applicable for the compounding of divided solids by mechanical rather than chemical action. Apphcation is largely in the pharmaceutical and food-processing industries. For a more complete description, illustrations, performance, and power requirements, refer to Sec. 19. 

As predicted by the Arrhenius equation (Sec. 4), a plot of microbial death rate versus the reciprocal or the temperature is usually linear with a slope that is a measure of the susceptibility of microorganisms to heat. Correlations other than the Arrhenius equation are used, particularly in the food processing industry. A common temperature relationship of the thermal resistance is decimal reduction time (DRT), defined as the time required to reduce the microbial population by one-tenth. Over short temperature internals (e.g., 5.5°C) DRT is useful, but extrapolation over a wide temperature internal gives serious errors. 

This type of seal has the rotary component and face mounted outside the seal chamber. The springs and drive elements are outside the pumped liquid. This reduces the problems associated with corrosion and the accumulation of pumped product clogging the springs. This seal is popular in the food processing industry. The pumped liquid arrives to the inside diameter of the faces and seals toward the outside diameter. The environment outside the pump approaches the OD of the face union. Pressures are limited to about 35 psig. Sometimes this. seal can be mounted either inside or outside the pump. This seal is easy to install, adjust, and maintain. It permits easy access and cleaning of the pump internal parts, often required in the food processing industry. 

As the name implies, these operations, if uncontrolled, can cause a serious air pollution problem. The main problem is the odors associated with the process. Examples of such industries are tanning works, rendering plants, and many of the food processing plants such as fish meal plants. In most cases, the emissions of particulates and gases from such plants are not of concern, only the odors. Requiring these industries to locate away from the business or residential areas is no longer acceptable as a means of control. 

This type of flooring is widely used in laboratories, pharmaceutical factories and food-processing areas where easily cleaned, chemically resistant durable floors are required. 

The new continuous casting processes, in contrast to ingot cast products, provide tin mill products which are exceptionally clean and formable. The deoxidizing processes required for continuous casting involve either aluminum or silicon killing, which adds aluminum or silicon to the steel. Experience with type D steels indicates that the added aluminum will not cause a corrosion problem. Laubscher and Weyandt (18) have shown that the silicon found in silicon killed, continuous cast, heavily coated ETP will not adversely affect the corrosion performance of plain cans packed with mildly acid food products in which tin usually protects steel. The data on enameled cans is not definitive. Additional published data are required to determine whether or not silicon actually reduces the performance of enameled cans made from enameled, heavily coated, silicon killed, continuous cast ETP. 

Coll boilers Used for small industry, hotel, laundry, food processing, and similar duties, where rapid but intermittent steam demand is required. 

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