Focal infiltration

Large (>1 mm) focal infiltrates in para/ central cornea with overlying tissue necrosis and excavation... 

Small, multiple, focal infiltrates and diffuse infiltration in mid/ periphery of cornea without pimctate staining... 

Small focal infiltrates with/out mild to moderate diffuse infiltration in the periphery... 

A 63-year-old hjrpertensive woman, who had a carcinoma of the distal esophagus resected 19 months earlier, developed chronic diarrhea. Clostridium difficile toxin was identified in her stools and the diarrhea resolved after treatment with metronidazole. Enalapril was added to her antihypertensive treatment, and 3 months later the diarrhea recurred. Stool examination was negative and there was no Clostridium difficile toxin. Her condition worsened and she lost 5 kg in weight She had marked eosinophiha (2.4 x 10 /1), and a small bowel biopsy showed mild chronic inflammation and edema, partial villous atrophy, and large clusters of eosinophils in the lamina propria with some focal infiltration of the epithelium. She stopped taking enalapril and her diarrhea promptly abated and the eosinophil count fell to 0.5 X 10 /1 at 3 weeks and 0.1 x 10 /1 at 2 months. 

At least one case of acute interstitial nephritis has been attributed to amphetamine use [163]. This amphetamine abuser presented with acute nonoliguiic renal failure, large kidneys by ultrasonography, and microhematuria. The biopsy revealed interstitial edema and focal infiltrates of mononuclear cells and eosinophils with only patchy tubular degeneration. There was no evidence for rhabdomyolysis and the urine was negative for myoglobin. Although he required temporary hemodialytic support, renal function returned to normal after treatment with intravenous corticosteroids. The mechanism of this reaction remains unclear and its true relation to amphetamine abuse remains unproven. 

Each value was obtained from an examination of six pigs and represents the number exhibiting small focal infiltrations of mononuclear cells in the heart. 

As told before, hematogenous or lymphatic metastases from distant organs usually present with cavernosal and spongiosal nodules of variable echogenicity and vascularization. Metastatic involvement from adjacent organs can present with multiple nodules and with diffuse infiltration on the penile shaft (Fig. 14.6). Direct infiltration of the tunica albuginea from the primary tumor can be identified as a tunical interruption at the base of the penis. Focal infiltration of the tunica... 

Metastatic involvement of the penis can present with distinct tumor nodules or diffuse infiltration of the penile shaft. In patients with diffuse secondary involvement of the shaft, the lesions can be barely visible at ultrasound except for mild alteration of the penile echotexture, diffuse or focal infiltration of the tunica albuginea, or irregular bulking of the penis. Occasionally, isoechoic distinct nodules cannot be identified at grey-scale ultrasonography. After intravenous microbubble administration, patients with secondary involvement of the penis present with profound alteration of penile vasculature. A variable early arterial enhancement is followed by a washout phase in which the corpora cavernosa present with inhomogeneous enhancement. Distinct isoechoic nodules may become appreciable after microbubble administration (Fig. 21.7) because they present with different enhancement characteristics, compared with cavernous tissue (Bertolotto et al. 2005). 

Microscopic investigation of the mice from group I revealed the presence of vessel congestion, small numerous intralobular and perivenular infiltrates, moderate focal protein-hydropic degeneration combined with polymorphism of hepatocyte nuclei and inconstant lymphoid infiltration of portal tracts. Marked activation of histiomacrophage elements — hepatic macrophages must be emphasized. Homotypic moderate inflammatory alterations remained in the liver on Days 3, 5, 7 and 10. The presence of inflammatory mononuclear infiltration in the walls of central veins, typical for a viral infection, reflects a massive lesion of the vascular... 

In guinea pigs 120mg zinc/m as zinc chloride 1 hour/day 5 days/week for up to 3 weeks was lethal focal alveolitis, consolidation, emphysema, infiltration with macrophages, and fibrosis were observed at necropsy. Mice and rats exposed to 122 mg zinc/m as zinc chloride for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, survived 20 weeks of exposure but showed increased macrophages in lungs when euthanized 13 months after exposure. ... 

These structures were recorded by a vectorial focal spot scanning in a spiral-by-spiral method rather in a raster layer-by-layer mode using a PZT stage. Such spiral structures fabricated in SU-8 have optical spot bands in near-lR [24], telecommunication [25], and 2-5 pm-IR region [26] or can be used as templates for Si infiltration [11]. It is obvious, that direct laser scanning is well suited for defect introduction into 3D PhC, as demonstrated in resin where a missing rod of a logpUe structure resulted in the appearance of a cavity mode in an optical transmission spectriun [27]. 

The kidneys (Table VIII) appeared less sensitive to DMH toxicity than liver. Renal lesions consisted of focal, usually subscapular fibrosis with atrophy and hyperplasia of tubular epithelium and variable inflammatory infiltrates. This lesion was designated "interstitial nephritis" or "pyelonephritis" when the renal pelvis was involved. There was no statistical basis for differentiating the lesion with involvement of the pelvic from that without, and therefore the two designations have been pooled for... 

During the days following the focal ischemic event, macrophages and glial cells infiltrate the lesion. After about 1-2 weeks, a loose connective tissue matrix is formed along the infarct borders. The necrotic cells have completely resolved 2 weeks later, with macrophages remaining in the tissue adjacent to the infarcted area (Clark et al. 1993). 

Inflammatory mechanisms involving polymorphonuclear leukocytes may, in part, mediate radical-induced pathology in ischemia. In focal ischemia, intraischemic hypothermia was shown to attenuate neutrophil infiltration (115). 

Toyoda T., Suzuki S., Kassell N. F., and Lee K. S. (1996) Intraischemic hypothermia attenuates neutrophil infiltration in the rat neocortex after focal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurosurgery 39, 1200-1205. 

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