Foam environmental

Moody, C. A., Eield, J. A. Perfluorinated surfactants and the environmental implications of their use in fire-fighting foams. Environmental Science and Technology, 34(18) 3864—3870 (2000). 

Chem. Descrip. Water-based polymer resin Uses Extender, rewetting agent, gloss aid, pigment dispersant for inks, coatings, overprints, food pkg. adhesives, paper Features Low foam environmentally safe solv.-free no VOC... 

Napolitano, G. E. and Richmond, J. E. (1995) Enrichment of biogenic lipids, hydrocarbons and PCBs in stream-surface foams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14, 197-201. 

Uses Dyeing assistant tor cotton and blends solubilizer for direct dyes dispersant tor vat and sulfur dyes lubricant and softener tor fiber Features Low foaming Environmental Biodeg. 

Features High performance silicate-free low foaming environmentally acceptable alternative to CFCs and chlorinated soivs. 

Uses Penetrant and scouring agent tor prep, of cotton substrates and blends Features Does not cause foaming Environmental Environmentally friendly Cekapene CP-3 [Cekal Spec.]... 

Uses Surfactant, detergent, oil remover for prescour for dyeing on synthetics, wool, silk, and cellulosics scouring agent for removal of silicone oils from nylon/ lycra and for removal of silicone residue from machinery Features Acceptable caustic stability low foaming Environmental Biodeg. 

Environmental Aspects. Airborne particulate matter (187) and aerosol (188) samples from around the world have been found to contain a variety of organic monocarboxyhc and dicarboxyhc acids, including adipic acid. Traces of the acid found ia southern California air were related both to automobile exhaust emission (189) and, iadirecfly, to cyclohexene as a secondary aerosol precursor (via ozonolysis) (190). Dibasic acids (eg, succinic acid) have been found even ia such unlikely sources as the Murchison meteorite (191). PubHc health standards for adipic acid contamination of reservoir waters were evaluated with respect to toxicity, odor, taste, transparency, foam, and other criteria (192). BiodegradabiUty of adipic acid solutions was also evaluated with respect to BOD/theoretical oxygen demand ratio, rate, lag time, and other factors (193). 

Usage of phosphoms-based flame retardants for 1994 in the United States has been projected to be 150 million (168). The largest volume use maybe in plasticized vinyl. Other use areas for phosphoms flame retardants are flexible urethane foams, polyester resins and other thermoset resins, adhesives, textiles, polycarbonate—ABS blends, and some other thermoplastics. Development efforts are well advanced to find appHcations for phosphoms flame retardants, especially ammonium polyphosphate combinations, in polyolefins, and red phosphoms in nylons. Interest is strong in finding phosphoms-based alternatives to those halogen-containing systems which have encountered environmental opposition, especially in Europe. 

Additives have the same effect on thermoplastic foaming processes as on thermoset foaming processes. Environmental conditions are important in this case because of the necessity of removing heat from the foamed stmcture in order to stabilize it. The dimensions and size of the foamed stmcture are important for the same reason. 

Environmental Aging. AH ceUular polymers are subject to a deterioration of properties under the combined effects of light or heat and oxygen. The response of ceUular materials to the action of light and oxygen is governed almost entirely by the composition and state of the polymer phase (22). Expansion of a polymer into a ceUular state increases the surface area reactions of the foam with vapors and Hquids are correspondingly faster than those of soHd polymer. 

Disposal of Plastics with Emphasis on Foam-in-Place Polyurethane Foam , PLASTEC Rept R37A (1973) 39) J.B. Titus, Environmental-... 

Almost all urethane materials are synthesized without the use of solvents or water as diluents or earners and are referred to as being 100% solids. This is true of all foams and elastomers. There are many products, however, which do utilize solvents or water, and these are known as solvent-borne and waterborne systems, respectively. In the past, many coatings, adhesives, and binders were formulated using a solvent to reduce viscosity and/or ease application. However, the use of volatile solvents has been dramatically curtailed in favor of more environmentally friendly water (see Section 4.1.3), and now there are many aqueous coatings, adhesives, and associated raw materials. Hydrophilic raw materials capable of being dispersed in water are called water reducible (or water dispersible), meaning they are sufficiently hydrophilic so as to be readily emulsified in water to form stable colloidal dispersions. 

The use is described of a foamed Styrol liquefaction treatment machine which has been developed as an environmentally acceptable method of recovery of waste foamed styrene.Details are given of the liquefaction treatment which consists of four processes crushing and removal of foreign substances heating, gasification and pyrolysis cooling and liquefaction and the recycling of resultant liquid as solvent for use in the first three processes. 

Moody CA, JA Field (2000) Perfinorinated snrfactants and environmental implications of their nse in firefighting foams. Environ Sci Technol 34 3864-3870. 

A good example of the many successftil DfE Partnerships is the Furniture Flame Retard-ancy Partnerhip. Pentabromodiphenylether (PentaBDE) was the primary flame retardant used in low density, flexible polyurethane furniture foam. Due to concerns over its use and the fact that the chemical was found widespread in the environment and in human tissue and breast milk, PentaBDE was voluntarily phased out of production by US manufacturers in January 2004. The industry needed alternatives in order to meet furniture flame retardancy requirements, but did not have the human and environmental health and safety information needed in order to compare the alternatives. DfE worked with the furniture manufacturers, foam manufacturers, and flame-retardant chemical suppliers along with governmental and environmental groups to evaluate possible alternatives. 

Fourteen formulations of chemical alternatives were submitted to EPA under confidentiality and they were assessed based on numerous human health and ecotoxicity endpoints in addition to bioaccumulation potential and environmental persistence. They were also screened for potential exposure to workers, users and the aquatic environment. Where data gaps existed, EPA experts used models and chemical analogs to estimate the hazard for a particular endpoint. The literature and test data reviews were published in the final report, Environmentally Preferable Options for Furniture Fire Safety Low Density Furniture Foam . In addition, each hazard endpoint was ranked with a concern level (High, Moderate or Low) based on the criteria used by the EPA s New Chemicals Program to rate the concern level of new chemicals submitted under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). As seen in Figure 8.2, where the hazard endpoint rankings are bold, the value is based on experimental data. Where the hazard endpoints are presented in italic font, the value is estimated based on models or chemical analogs. In this way, detailed hazard information was summarized and presented in a clear and concise format. 

Eastern Research Group and Syracuse Research Corporation (2005) Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Additives for Low-Density Polyurethane Foam. United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 742-R-05-002A. 

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