Fluorocarbon blood substitutes

The adamantane work was undertaken as a contribution to the artificial fluorocarbon blood substitute area. The use of fluorocarbons as artificial blood and as oxygen carriers in other applications is an area that is being developed by Leland Gark, Jr., of Cincinnati Children s Hospital and Paul Geyer of Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. The reader who is unfamiliar with this area of research will find reviews on the subject to be extremely interesting (68). The... 

Thus far, the only molecules that have found even a limited clinical application as an oxygencarrying blood substitute are the fluorocarbons and haemoglobin. 

Conversely, the role of perfluorocarbons for oxygen transport and in vivo delivery is investigated. In addition to possible use as temporary blood substitute, these fluorocarbon molecules can be applied as respiratory gas carriers, for instance as lung surfactant replacement compositions for neonates and possibly for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome for adults. Another... 

Among esters of sucrose, some derivatives of fluorinated fatty acids have been prepared for evaluation as surfactants specifically designed for fluorocarbons containing emulsions used for biomedical applications, notably as blood substitutes.98,402 Some sucrose aspartate surfactants have been described.403... 

The rate of Ostwald ripening depends on the size, the polydispersity, and the solubility of the dispersed phase in the continuous phase. This means that a hydrophobic oil dispersed as small droplets with a low polydispersity already shows slow net mass exchange, but by adding an ultrahydrophobe , the stability can still be increased by additionally building up a counteracting osmotic pressure. This was shown for fluorocarbon emulsions, which were based on perfluo-rodecaline droplets stabilized by lecithin. By adding a still less soluble species, e.g., perfluorodimorphinopropane, the droplets stability was increased and could be introduced as stable blood substitutes [6,7]. 

Riess, J.G., Ed. Blood substitutes, the Fluorocarbon approach. Proc. Vth Inti. Symp. on Blood Substitutes, Vol 3. In Artif. Cells Blood Subst. Immob. Biotech 1994 22, 945-1543. 

Riess, J.G. Fluorocarbon emulsions—designing an efficient shuttle service for the respiratory gases—the so-called blood substitutes . In Fluorine at the Millenium Banks, R.E., Ed. Elsevier Amsterdam, 2000 385-431. 

Clark, L.C. Hoffmann, R.E. Davis, S.L. Response of the rabbit lung as a criterion of safety for fluorocarbon breathing and blood substitutes. Biomat. Artif. Cells Immob. Biotech. 1992, 20, 1085-1099. 

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