Fluorine-containing polymers ethylene copolymers

Other fluorine-containing polymers, such as polychlorotrifluoroethy-lene, polyvinylidenefluoride, polyvinylfluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene coplymer, and ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, will not be covered in this chapter. 

A. Alaaeddine, C. Negrell and B. Ameduri, Recent Advances on New Fluorinated Copolymers Based on Carbonate and 01igo(Ethylene Oxide) by Radical Copolymerization, in Advances in Fluorine-Containing Polymers, ed. 

The inability to process PTFE by conventional thermoplastics techniques has nevertheless led to an extensive search for a melt-processable polymer but with similar chemical, electrical, non-stick and low-friction properties. This has resulted in several useful materials being marketed, including tetrafluoro-ethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Figure 13.1(d)), and, most promisingly, the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropropyl vinyl ether. Other fluorine-containing plastics include poly(vinyl fluoride) and polymers and copolymers based on CTFE. 

Chlorine-containing Polymers. Polymers containing one chlorine atom in various environments (other sustituents) were studied by XPS poly(vinyl chloride) PVC, poly(chlorotrifluoro-ethylene) PCTFE, an (ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer, and poly(epichlorohydrine) PEPI, were chosen because besides carbon atoms they contain chlorine in presence of hydrogen, fluorine, and oxygen atoms. The valence band spectra of these compounds (see Figure 9) show that features can be easily and unambiguously assigned to a contribution from the chlorine molecular orbitals. 

Cheng et al. [1990] refer to several possible polymeric blends, consisting of fluorinated and non-fluorinated, elastomeric and non-elastomeric, polymers and copolymers, which may also contain crosslinking agents and other additives, for use in cable jackets and heat-recoverable e.g., heat-shrinkable) articles. They point out that PVDF, and copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluo-roethylene (ETFE) have many desirable properties but their high stiffness can be undesirable for certain applications. However, their blends with some thermoplastic elastomers show markedly reduced stiffness, while substantially retaining their other desirable properties. Cheng et al. 

Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene were developed in attempts to provide materials with the general properties of PTFE and the melt process-ability of the more conventional thermoplastics. Two such copolymers are tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene (TFE-HFP) copolymers (Teflon FEP resins by Du Pont FEP stands for fluorinated ethylene propylene) with a melting point of 290°C and tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene (ETFE) copolymers (Tefzel by Du Pont) with a melting point of 270°C. These products are melt processable. A number of other fluorine containing melt processable polymers have been introduced. 

In the following data acquisition, the same 163 standard polymer samples used in the former edition were adopted as a set of representative ones utilized in versatile fields, which include representative synthetic polymers [a) polyolefins (homopolymers) (001— 007), b) vinyl polymers with ethylene units (copolymers) (008—015), c) vinyl polymers with styrene units (016—028), d) vinyl polymers with styrene derivatives (029—035), e) acrylate-type polymers (036—049), f) chlorine-containing vinyl polymers (050-059), g) fluorine-containing vinyl polymen (060—066), h) the other vinyl polymers (067—070), i) diene-type elastomers (071—081), j) polyamides (082-090), k) polyacetals and polyethers (091—095), 1) thermosetting polymers (096—106), m) polyimides and polyamide-type engineering plastics (107—114), n) polyesters (115—126), o) the other engineering plastics with phenylene skeletons (127—138), p) sificone polymers (139—143), and q) polyurethanes (144—147)] along with some natural polymers [r) cellulose-type polymers (148-155) and s) the other some natural polymers (156-163)]. 

In this entry, fluoropolymer means a polymer that consists of partially or fully fluorinated olefinic monomers, such as vinylidene fluoride (CH2=CF2) and tetrafluor-oethylene (CF2=CF2). Commercial fluoropolymers include homopolymers and copolymers. Homopolymers contain 99wt.% or more one monomer and lwt.% or less of another monomer according to the convention by American Society for Testing Materials. Copolymers contain 1 wt.% or more of one or more comonomers. The major commercial fluoropolymers are based on tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and to a lesser extent chlorotrifluoroethylene. Examples of comonomers include perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE), perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE), perfluoro-propyl vinyl ether (PPVE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), and perfluorobutyl ethylene (PFBE). 

This study was followed by a series of papers that examined the effect of the distance between the pendant fluorine [96], chlorine [97], or bromine [98] atoms. Later, a series of ethylene/vinyl halide polymers containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine were created via ADMET copolymerization of a halogen-containing (x,K)-diene and 1,9-decadiene [99]. Thermal analysis of these statistically random copolymers showed a distinct difference between their crystallization behavior and that of their compositionally matched precise analogs. The sharp melting... 

The serendipitous discovery of polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE) in 1938 by Roy Plunkett, a DuPont Company chemist, [4] began the era of fluoropolymers. PTFE has been used in thousands of applications because of its unique properties. Numerous flu-oroplastics (Fig. 3.1) have been developed since the discovery of FI FE. These plastics are produced by several companies in the US, Europe, Japan, China, India, and Russia. Ruoropolymers are divided into two classes of perfluorinated and partially fluorinated polymers. Perfluorinated fluoropolymers are homopolymers and copolymers of Tre. Some of the comonomers may contain a small amount of elements other than C or F. 

In contrast to previous manufacturing approaches, it is proposed that the infusion of volatile precursors of inorganic and metal-oxide nanoparticles into free volume of polymers is a more practical and effective strategy for the dispersal of discrete nanoscale particles. To this end, hybrid films containing Pd nanoparticles have been obtained through infusion the metal nanoparticles have been shown to have a strong catalytic effect on the gas transport through fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP) (Yu etal.,2004). 

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